In vitro Regulatory T cells Differentiation From Naïve T Cells    

Materials and Reagents

1. Splenocyte suspension
   1. Eight- to twelve-week old Balb/c mice strain
      
   2. RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 22400-089 )
      
   3. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (see Recipes)
      
   4. Sterile red blood lysis buffer (ACK buffer) (see Recipes)
      
      
2. Cell lines
   1. 4T1 cell line (ATCC)
      4T1 is a highly metastatic stage IV murine breast cancer cell line that lacks estrogen and progesterone nuclear receptors and that spontaneously metastasizes to lung, brain and bone.
      
   2. RPMI 1640
      
   3. Heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 10438-026 )
      
   4. 100x Antibiotic-antimycotic (Life Technologies, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 15240062 )
      
      
3. Determination and purification of CD4⁺ Treg and naïve T cells
   1. Allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated anti-CD4 antibody (clone GK1.5) (eBioscience, catalog number: 17-0041 )
      
   2. Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-CD25 antibody (clone PC61.5) (eBioscience, catalog number: 53-0251 )
      
   3. Phycoerythrin (PE) -conjugated anti-CD62L antibody (clone MEL-14) (eBioscience, catalog number: 12-0621 )
      
   4. PE-conjugated anti-Foxp3 antibody (clone FJK-16s) (eBioscience, catalog number: 12-5773 )
      
   5. Fix/Perm buffer (eBioscience, catalog number: 00-5123 , 00-5223 )
      
   6. 10x Permeabilization Buffer (eBioscience, catalog number: 00-8333 )
      
   7. Dynal^® Mouse CD4 Cell Negative Isolation Kit (Life Technologies, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 114-15D )
      
   8. Heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 10438-026)
      
   9. FACS buffer (see Recipes)
      
   10. Sorted cells collection medium (see Recipes)
       
       
4. Differentiation of Treg in vitro
   1. NA/LE Hamster anti-mouse CD3ε monoclonal antibody (clone 145-2C11) (BD, catalog number: 553057 )
      
   2. NA/LE Hamster anti-mouse CD28 monoclonal antibody (clone 37.51) (BD, catalog number: 553294 )
      
   3. Antibiotic-antimycotic (Life Technologies, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 15240062)
      
   4. RPMI 1640 supplemented with 50 µM β-mercaptoethanol and antibiotic-antimycotic (Life Technologies, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 15240062)
      
   5. Recombinant hTGFβ₁ (R&D Systems, catalog number: 100-B ) (see Recipes)
      
   6. Recombinant mIL-2 (R&D Systems, catalog number: 402-ML ) (see Recipes)
      

Equipment

1. One milliliter syringe (BD, catalog number: 309628 )
   
2. Sterile scissors
   
3. P60 petri dishes (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, catalog number: 628160 )
   
4. Sterile 70-μm filter (BD, catalog number: 352350 )
   
5. Syringe filter (0.22 μm) (Corning, catalog number: 431219 )
   
6. FACSAria cell sorter
   
7. FACSAria II (BD, catalog number: 642510 )
   
8. Airstream Class II BSC (ESCO Corporation)
   
9. 15 ml conical tubes (BD, catalog number: 352095 )
   
10. 5 ml polystyrene round bottom tubes (BD, catalog number: 352052 )
    
11. Twenty four well plates (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, catalog number: 662160 )
    
12. Centrifuge 5810R (Eppendorf, catalog number: 5811 000,622 )
    
13. Dynal MCP-L (Life Technologies, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 120.21D )
    
14. CO₂ incubator
    

Procedure

1. Isolation of CD4⁺CD62L⁺ T naïve cells
   1. Prepare a single cell suspension from mouse spleens. Disrupt the spleen with the plunger of a 1 ml syringe against a 70-μm filter in a petri dish filled with 2 ml of RPMI.
      
   2. Centrifuge single cell suspensions in 15-ml conical tubes for 8 min at no more than 300 x g.
      
   3. Re-suspend the splenocytes with 5 ml of ACK buffer and incubate 5 min at RT. Dilute it with PBS and centrifuge for 8 min at no more than 300 x g. Re-suspend cell pellet in FACS buffer and count cell number. Normally, each spleen yields between 80-100 x 10⁶ splenocytes.
      
   4. Purification of CD4⁺ T cells by negative selection using Dynal^® Mouse CD4 Cell Negative Isolation Kit is thoroughly detailed in the protocol provided by manufacturer. Protocol yield is usually 20-25% of spleen cells (http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/manuals/dynabeads_untouched_ms_CD4_man.pdf).
      
   5. After CD4⁺ T cells isolation adjust the cell concentration by centrifugation (8 min at 300 x g) and dilution in FACS buffer to 4 x 10⁷/ml and proceed to CD4 and CD62L staining.
      
   6. Use 0.2 μg of APC-conjugated anti-CD4 antibody and 0.3 μg of PE-conjugated anti-CD62L antibody per 200 μl of CD4⁺ T cells suspension. Incubate 30 min at 4 °C in the dark.
      
   7. Wash cells with FACS buffer, centrifuge for 8 min at no more than 300 x g and re-suspend cell pellet with FACS buffer at a concentration of 3 x 10⁷/ml.
      
   8. Using a FACSAria cell sorter proceed to the selection and sorting of the CD4⁺CD62L^high population. Exclude cell doublets using FSC-H vs. FSC-W and SSC-H vs. SSC-W dot plots. The total percentage should be between 60-70% for Balb/c mice strain and 50-60% for C57Bl/6 mice strain. Flow rate is recommended to be adjusted around 1-3. Sort precision could be set to “yield”. One should expect around 10 x 10⁶ and 7 x 10⁶ of CD4 T naïve cells per Balb/c and C57Bl/6 spleen, respectively.
      
      
      
      
   9. Use 15 ml conical tubes to collect sorted population with 2.5 ml of collection medium. Prior to use, vortex tubes so that tube walls will be covered by a thin layer of fluid thus avoiding cell death when cells are deflected to the tube.
      
   10. Keep the sorted population on ice.
       
       
2. Conditioned media from tumor cells
   1. This step can be performed at any time prior to the Treg differentiation protocol.
      
   2. Plate the chosen tumor cells in P60 dishes at 50% confluence with 2 ml of serum free media. Incubate for 18 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ and then collect conditioned media. Filter with 0.22 μm syringe filter, aliquot into 200 µl samples and store at -70 °C.
      
      
3. Anti-CD3 coating of 24-well plates
   1. Prepare a 5 μg/ml solution of anti-CD3ε from the stock of CD3ε antibody (1 mg/ml) in sterile PBS and vortex. For 24-well plates use 150 μl per well.
      
   2. Incubate at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere for at least 2 h.
      
   3. Before use rinse wells with PBS and aspirate twice.
      
      
4. Conversion of naïve T cells to Treg in the presence of tumor cells conditioned media
   1. The stimuli indispensable for Treg conversion are TGFβ₁ and IL-2. To asses Gal-1 fine-tuning of Treg conversion frequency it is necessary to use a limiting concentration of the former. TGFβ₁ limitation has shown to be more efficient at modulating Treg differentiation. Adjust naïve T cells concentration to 1 x 10⁶/ml in serum free-RPMI supplemented with 1-2 ng/ml hTGFβ₁, 100 U/ml mIL-2, 1 μg/ml CD28 mAb and antibiotic-antimycotic.
      
   2. Plate 1 ml of naïve T cell suspension per well in anti CD3-coated 24-well plates.
      
   3. Add conditioned media (CM) tumor cells. It is suggested to determine dose-dependent responses to the CM. Dilutions ranging from 1:10 to 1:100 are recommended.
      
   4. Incubate at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for 4 days. More days will only result in an increased cell death.
      
   5. Asses Treg frequency by flow cytometry after staining of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3.
      
      
      
      
5. Treg staining
   1. Staining of CD4 and CD25 molecules are performed for 30 min in the dark at 4 °C. Per 2 x 10⁶ cells use 0.03 μg of APC-conjugated CD4 antibody and 0.075 μg of AlexaFluor 488-conjugated CD25 in 100 μl of FACS buffer.
      
   2. Wash cells and centrifuge for 8 min at no more than 300 x g. Fix and permeabilize cells using Fix/Perm buffer in 100 μl for 30 min to 18 h in the dark at 4 °C.
      
   3. Wash cells with 1x Permeabilization Buffer. Foxp3 staining is performed in 100 μl 1x Permeabilization Buffer using 0.225 μg PE-conjugated Foxp3 antibody for 1 h at 4 °C in the dark.
      
   4. Wash cells with 1x Permeabilization Buffer, centrifuge for 10 min at 300 x g and re-suspend in FACS buffer.
      
   5. For flow cytometry analysis a two-laser cytometer must be used and 5 additional tubes containing the appropriate compensation samples should be considered. It is highly recommended to exclude cell doublets using FSC-H vs. FSC-W and SSC-H vs. SSC-W dot plots.
      

Recipes

1. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)
   136 mM NaCl
   8.2 mM Na₂HPO₄
   1.5 mM KH₂PO₄
   2.7 mM KCl (pH 7.4)
   
2. Sterile red blood lysis buffer (ACK buffer)
   150 mM NH₄Cl
   10 mM KHCO₃
   0.1 mM EDTA
   Resuspend in distilled H₂O
   Filter sterilize (0.45 μm)
   Stored at 4 °C
   
3. FACS buffer
   PBS with 0.1% BSA and 2 mM EDTA
   
4. Sorted cells collection medium
   RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% FBS
   
5. Recombinant hTGFβ₁
   Dissolved in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) to a working dilution 30 µg/ml Stored in aliquots at -70 °C
   
6. Recombinant mIL-2
   Dissolved in PBS to a working dilution of 10 μg/ml
   Stored in aliquots at -70 °C
   Note: Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles as it may lead to loss of activity.
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol is based in the original work published in Dalotto-Moreno et al. (2013). This work was supported by grants from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Técnica Argentina (ANPCyT; PICT 2007-093 to M.S. and 2010-870 to G.A.R. and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET; PIP 2010-2012 to M.S. and G.A.R.), Fundación Sales to G.A.R. The authors wish to express special thanks to María Rosa Morales for animal technical help.

References

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2. Dalotto-Moreno, T., Croci, D. O., Cerliani, J. P., Martinez-Allo, V. C., Dergan-Dylon, S., Mendez-Huergo, S. P., Stupirski, J. C., Mazal, D., Osinaga, E., Toscano, M. A., Sundblad, V., Rabinovich, G. A. and Salatino, M. (2013). Targeting galectin-1 overcomes breast cancer-associated immunosuppression and prevents metastatic disease. Cancer Res 73(3): 1107-1117.
   
3. Sakaguchi, S. (2004). Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 22: 531-562.
   
4. Zou, W. (2006). Regulatory T cells, tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 6(4): 295-307.