Materials and antibodies

Glucose production was measured by the method of Yoon et al.50 with minor modifications. Cells were treated and kept in growth medium for 24 h and then washed with glucose output media (118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4,1.2 mM CaCl2, 20 mM NaCO3, 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) and 0.025% BSA) and the glucose output was measured in fresh glucose output media supplemented with gluconeogenic substrates (20 mM lactate, 2 mM pyruvate, 10 mM glutamine) for 6 h. Glucose levels in the media were measured by glucose assay reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and normalized to total protein.