Efficient Gene Knockdown in Adult Zebrafish Retina by Intravitreal Injection

Materials and reagents

Biological materials

1. Adult P23H rhodopsin transgenic zebrafish [generated in-house, RRID: uth4tg(AB); ZFIN ID: ZDB-FISH-220323-6]

Reagents

1. 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Millipore-Sigma, catalog number: P3813)

2. UltraPure DNase/RNase-free distilled water (Invitrogen, catalog number: 10977015)

3. DDH₂O (made in-house)

4. Tricaine/MS222 (Syndel, catalog number: SYNC-M-GR-US02)

5. Tris (Fisher, catalog number: BP152-500)

6. 32% Formaldehyde (PFA) (Electron Microscopy Sciences, catalog number: 15714-S)

7. 190 Proof (95%) ethanol (ETOH) (Fisher, catalog number: 04-355-454)

8. Sucrose (Millipore-Sigma, catalog number: S0389-500G)

9. Tissue-Tek CRYO-O.C.T. compound (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14-373-65)

10. Dry ice

11. Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: X100-1L)

12. Normal donkey serum (NDS) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 017-000-121)

13. Flag-DDK primary antibody (Origene, catalog number: TA50011; RRID: AB_2622345)

14. PCNA primary antibody (Abcam, catalog number: Ab18197; RRID: AB_444313)

15. Cy3 secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 115-165-206; RRID: AB_2338695)

16. Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, catalog number: 711-545-152; RRID: AB_2313584)

17. Vectashield with DAPI (Vector Laboratories, catalog number: H-1000)

18. Altogen Nanoparticle In Vivo Transfection kit (Altogen, catalog number: 5030)

19. Zebrafish water (reverse osmosis-purified water adjusted to 700 nS conductivity with Instant Ocean sea salt mix and pH 7.0 with sodium bicarbonate)

20. Custom translation blocking Vivo-morpholino targeting PCNA (Gene Tools, sequence: TTTCTTAGTTTGGAGTAGGAGGAAC)

21. Standard negative control Vivo-morpholino (Gene Tools, sequence: CCTCTTACCTCAGTTACAATTTATA)

22. Custom siRNA targeting PCNA #1 (IDT, target sequence: GTCCAAGACGGTCACACTTAGCATG)

23. Custom siRNA targeting PCNA #2 (IDT, target sequence: AAGACGGTCACACTTAGCATGTCCG)

24. Custom siRNA targeting EGFP (negative control) (IDT, target sequence: GCATGCATCTCAATTAGTCAGCAAC)

Solutions

1. Tricaine stock solution (4%) (see Recipes)

2. Anesthesia solution (see Recipes)

3. Euthanasia solution (see Recipes)

4. Fixation solution (see Recipes)

5. Blocking buffer (see Recipes)

6. Primary antibody solution (see Recipes)

7. Secondary antibody solution (see Recipes)

8. Vivo-morpholino solution (see Recipes)

9. siRNA solution (see Recipes)

10. 25% sucrose solution (see Recipes)

11. 10% Triton X-100 (see Recipes)

Recipes

1. Tricaine stock solution (4%)

Add 4.0 g of Tricaine/MS222 to 97 mL of ddH₂O. Adjust pH to 7.0 with 1 M Tris base. Top off to 100 mL and store in 10 mL aliquots frozen at -20 °C.

2. Anesthesia solution

Each adult zebrafish must be anesthetized with Tricaine/MS222 before performing any injections. To check that the zebrafish is fully anesthetized, the experimenter should be able to use a plastic spoon to pick up the zebrafish without any response. This typically takes about 3–5 min. Anesthesia solution should be made fresh for each experiment.

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
Tricaine stock solution	0.02%	0.5 mL
Zebrafish water	-	100 mL

3. Euthanasia solution

Zebrafish should be euthanized immediately prior to the collection of samples for downstream analysis. Euthanasia solution should be made fresh for each experiment.

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
Tricaine stock solution	0.04%	1 mL
Zebrafish water	-	100 mL

4. Fixation solution

Fixation solution should be made fresh for each experiment. It consists of a 9:1 95% EtOH to 32% PFA ratio.

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
Ethanol	85.5%	9 mL
PFA	3.2%	1 mL

5. Blocking buffer

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
10% Triton X-100	0.3%	9 μL
NDS	5%	15 μL
1× PBS	-	276 μL

6. Primary antibody solution

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
10% Triton X-100	0.3%	9 μL
NDS	5%	15 μL
Flag-DDK primary antibody	1:200 dilution	1.5 μL
PCNA primary antibody	1:100 dilution	3 μL
1× PBS	-	271.5 μL

7. Secondary antibody solution

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
10% Triton X-100	0.3%	9 μL
NDS	5%	15 μL
Cy3 secondary antibody	1:500 dilution	0.6 μL
Alexa 488 fluor secondary antibody	1:500 dilution	0.6 μL
1× PBS	-	274.8 μL

8. Vivo-morpholino solution

Vivo-morpholinos are delivered as powders and should be stored in the dark and at room temperature until ready to use. When making the stock solution, dissolve the Vivo-morpholino in ultraclean water to 400 μM. This concentration may need to be adjusted depending on oligo properties; follow the manufacturer’s instructions. The manufacturer recommends storing the stock solution at room temperature. To make the working solution, dilute the stock solution with sterile-filtered PBS. Typically, Vivo-morpholinos precipitate out of the stock solution and lose efficacy within 1 month. This may vary depending on the Vivo-morpholino. Always check the stock solution for precipitates before making the working solution. The working solution should be made fresh on the day of injections. Each Vivo-morpholino will have its own unique efficacy. Be sure to use freshly prepared Vivo-morpholino when evaluating efficacy.

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
Vivo-morpholino	40 μM	2 μL
0.01 M PBS	-	18 μL

9. siRNA solution

Dissolve siRNA in 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, following manufacturer’s instructions. siRNA stock is generally 225 μM, and should be stored at -80 °C. Each siRNA will have a different efficacy when optimally transfected. It is often more effective to combine two or more siRNAs to the desired target gene. The Altogen Nanoparticle reagents typically have a shelf life of 3 months when stored at 4 °C. Always check for precipitates before using.

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or Volume
siRNA #1	37.5 μM	1.5 μL
siRNA #2	37.5 μM	1.5 μL
Altogen Nanoparticle In Vivo transfection reagent	-	5 μL
Incubate at room temperature for 20 min. Then, add 1 μL of Altogen Nanoparticle In Vivo transfection enhancer. Incubate for 5 min at room temperature; then, it is ready to use.

10. 25% sucrose solution

2.5 g of sucrose in a final volume of 10 mL of ddH₂O; made fresh for each experiment.

11. 10% Triton X-100

1 mL of Triton X-100 and 9 mL of ddH₂O.

Laboratory supplies

1. Petri dish (Fisher, catalog number: 08-757-100B)

2. Disposable pipettes (Fisher, catalog number: 13-711-7M)

3. 50 mL Falcon tubes (Fisher, catalog number: 14-959-49A)

4. 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes (Fisher, catalog number: 14-222-158)

5. Paper towels (Fisher, catalog number: 06-666-32B)

6. Saphire blade (World Precision Instruments, catalog number: 504072)

7. Sterile 32-gauge blunt 5 μL NEUROS Syringes (Stoelting, catalog number: 53496)

8. 24-well plate (Fisher, catalog number: 09-761-146)

9. Embedding molds (Fisher, catalog number: 2219)

10. Microtome blades (Fisher, catalog number: 4280L)

11. Superfrost Plus Gold slides (Fisher, catalog number: 1518848)

12. Hydrophobic barrier PAP pen (Cole-Parmer, catalog number: 7595553)

13. Coplin jars (Electron Microscopy Sciences, catalog number: 70315)

14. Coverslips (Fisher, catalog number: 15-541-000)

15. Nail polish (Fisher, catalog number: 50-949-071)

16. Kimwipes (Fisher, catalog number: 06-666)

Equipment

1. Mechanical micromanipulator (Sutter Instruments, model: MM-33)

2. Stereomicroscope (Olympus, model: SZ51)

3. Cryostat (Leica, model: CM1950)

4. Confocal microscope (Zeiss, model: LSM 800)

5. PC (Windows 11)

Software and datasets

1. FIJI (1.54F; free): https://imagej.net/software/fiji/

2. Zen (Black; free): https://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/us/products/software/zeiss-zen.htmL

3. Excel (2016; requires a license but Google Sheets can be used as a free alternative)

4. GraphPad Prism 9 (9.5.0; requires a license)

Procedure

A. Setting up the injection station

1. Position the syringe in the micromanipulator so it is at a 45° angle with the flat surface and microscope.

2. Wet a paper towel with zebrafish water and fold in half. The fish will be placed within the folds so that only the site of injection is exposed.

3. Place a folded paper towel in the lid of a Petri dish.

4. Have the sapphire blade ready to use.

5. Make the anesthesia solution.

6. Set up the recovery tank for zebrafish to be placed in after injections are complete.

B. Injecting zebrafish

1. Anesthetize zebrafish. Make sure the zebrafish is no longer responsive when lifting it out of the anesthesia solution with a plastic spoon before proceeding to the next step.

2. Place the zebrafish in the moist paper towel from step A3. Make sure only the head is exposed, with the eye to be injected facing upward (Figure 1A).

Figure 1. Fish setup for intravitreal injections. (A) Fish are placed in a moist towel so that only their heads are exposed for intravitreal injections after being anesthetized. (B) A sapphire blade is used to make an incision between the pupil and the outer edge of the iris. (C) A blunt syringe is used to remove 1.0 μL of vitreous humor from the eye. (D) 1.0 μL of the solution of interest is injected at the incision site. This image was adapted from Shihabeddin et al. [17].

3. Place the Petri dish lid with zebrafish under a microscope, viewing at approximately 10×.

4. Use the sapphire blade to make an incision between the pupil and the outer edge of the iris (Figure 1B).

5. Insert the syringe at the site of incision and remove 1.0 μL of vitreous humor. It is best to angle the needle toward the lens to avoid damaging the retina (Figure 1C). Important: Removal of the vitreous humor is critical for the oligonucleotides to reach and penetrate the retina.

6. Remove the syringe from the incision site and expel the vitreous humor collected.

7. Use a syringe to collect 1.0 μL of either Vivo-morpholino or siRNA solution.

8. Re-insert the syringe at the site of incision and inject solution into the eye (Figure 1D), being careful to avoid touching the retina.

9. Remove the syringe and place the zebrafish in the recovery tank.

10. Use a disposable pipette to aerate the tank until the zebrafish awakens.

A video of the injection procedure can be found in Shihabeddin et al. [17]: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2023.1321337/full#supplementary-material

C. Collecting zebrafish

1. Euthanize zebrafish immediately prior to dissection.

2. Excise the eyeball and place it in 1 mL of fixation solution for 30 min at room temperature. It can be placed in a 12-well plate.

3. Give the eyeball 3 × 5 min washes with 1 mL of 1× PBS solution at room temperature.

4. Place eyeballs in 1 mL of 25% sucrose solution overnight at 4 °C.

D. Embedding eyeball

1. Place dry ice in a container. Make sure that dry ice is very fine (can use a mallet to crush dry ice until fine).

2. Fill the embedding mold with O.C.T. compound.

3. Place the mold in dry ice until the bottom layer of O.C.T. compound is completely frozen. This step is optional but often helps keep the eyeball from misorienting during the embedding process.

4. Take the eyeball out from the sucrose solution and dab gently with a towel.

5. Place the mold under the microscope and insert the eyeball in the orientation of interest.

6. Place the mold with the eyeball in dry ice and let freeze for 30 min.

7. Move the mold into a -80 °C freezer until ready to cryosection.

E. Cryosectioning

1. Place the mold in the cryostat chamber for 15–20 min. This allows the mold to come up to the same temperature as the chamber. Typically, this is kept at -20 °C.

2. Remove the O.C.T. block with the embedded eyeball from the mold.

3. Embed the O.C.T. block onto the chuck.

4. Set up coarse and fine sectioning thicknesses. Typically, coarse thickness is used to cut away unembedded parts of the O.C.T block, while fine thickness is used for cutting tissue slices of interest. For this protocol, coarse thickness is set to 40 µm, and fine thickness is set to 12 µm.

5. Begin cryosectioning with coarse thickness until you reach the retina.

6. Switch to fine thickness and begin collecting tissue slices on the Superfrost Plus slides.

7. Collected slides can be stored at -20 °C until ready for immunohistochemistry.

F. Immunohistochemistry

1. Select the slides of interest and let them sit at room temperature for about 5 min.

2. Wash slides in a Coplin jar filled with 1× PBS, 3 × 10 min at room temperature.

3. Dab slides dry around the tissue sections with a Kimwipe, being careful not to touch the sections. Circle each section with a PAP pen.

4. Apply 30 μL of blocking solution to each sample. Incubate in the humidity chamber for 1 h at room temperature.

5. Remove blocking solution, apply 30 μL of primary antibody solution, and leave in the humidity chamber overnight at room temperature.

6. Wash slides in a Coplin jar with 1× PBS, 3 × 10 min at room temperature.

7. Apply 30 μL of secondary antibody solution and leave in the humidity chamber in the dark for 1 h at room temperature.

8. Wash slides in a Coplin jar with 1× PBS, 3 × 10 min at room temperature in the dark.

9. Dry slides as much as possible without drying out tissue samples.

10. Apply Vectashield mounting medium with DAPI.

11. Add coverslips to each slide and seal with nail polish. Keep slides in the dark. Slides can be stored at 4 °C until ready to image.

Note: Mounting medium needs a few hours to solidify, so it is best to wait that long before imaging.

G. Confocal imaging and image analysis

1. Image samples using a laser scanning confocal microscope and a 40× oil objective. Make sure to select lasers that can detect DAPI, Alexa 488, and Cy3 fluorescence. Take a z-stack that will sufficiently represent the entire depth of the retina tissue. Make sure that depth and laser settings are reused between each image acquisition. This is important for quantifications.

2. Export a maximum intensity projection of each z-stack taken (Figure 2A, B, D, and E).

3. Import the image into FIJI. Here, you can crop the size of the image to a specific region of interest that encompasses the total area covered by the gene of interest or keep it whole. However, make sure all images are cropped the same way. Downstream analysis will measure the expression levels for the protein of interest within the total area of the image.

4. Split the image by each channel. Under the Image tab at the top, select color, followed by split channels.

5. Under the Image tab at the top, select adjust, followed by Threshold… Keep the threshold the same for all images. After applying a threshold, a binary image mask will show the signal as white and the background as black.

6. Under the Analyze tab at the top, select histogram. Copy and paste the data into Excel.

7. Take the ratio of white pixels (signal) to total pixels and multiply by 100 to get the percentage of the region of interest that expresses the signal.

8. In GraphPad Prism 9, perform a two-tailed t-test to compare signals between the control and injected fish groups. A p-value <0.05 is considered significantly different (Figure 2C and F).

Figure 2. PCNA knockdown in retinas of injected eyes. (A) PCNA and Flag tag expression in retinas of eyes injected with control Vivo-morpholino. (B) PCNA and Flag tag expression in retinas of eyes injected with PCNA Vivo-morpholino. (C) Quantitative analysis comparing PCNA and Flag tag expression between conditions. (D) PCNA and Flag tag expression in retinas of eyes injected with control siRNA encapsulated through Altogen lipid nanoparticles. (E) PCNA and Flag tag expression in retinas of eyes injected with PCNA siRNA encapsulated through Altogen lipid nanoparticles. (F) Quantitative analysis comparing PCNA and Flag tag expression between conditions. Data in C and F are means ± 1SD. Two-tailed T-test results: ns = not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. This image was adapted from Shihabeddin et al. [17].

Validation of protocol

This protocol or parts of it has been used and validated in the following manuscripts:

1. Shihabeddin et al. [17]. Cost-effective strategies to knock down genes of interest in the retinas of adult zebrafish. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (Figure 1A–D, Figure 3A–D, Figure 4A–E, Figure 5E–H, Figure 6A–F, and Figure 7A–D).

2. Shihabeddin et al. [18]. Master control genes in the regeneration of rod photoreceptors from endogenous progenitor cells in zebrafish retina. eLife (Figure 6A–I, Figure 7A–B, Figure 8A–D, and Figure 9A–G).

General notes and troubleshooting

1. It is very important that the vitreous humor be removed from the eye prior to injecting the siRNA or Vivo-morpholino solution. In this protocol, 1.0 μL of vitreous was removed, and 1.0 μL of solution was injected. Depending on the size of the zebrafish, this volume can be increased or decreased. This protocol has been optimized for zebrafish with a length of about 30 mm and a weight of 50–150 mg.

2. To increase the efficiency of gene knockdown through siRNAs, we combined siRNAs targeting different sites of the mRNA. This is not always necessary and can be adjusted so that only one site is targeted. Conversely, sometimes it will be necessary to utilize multiple siRNAs, as some may be ineffective.

3. With Vivo-morpholinos, the target sequence is very important. We have noticed that even a shift by about 3 nucleotides greatly affects efficacy. Furthermore, some genes may have multiple transcripts with different translation start sites. The design service from Gene Tools, LLC can provide recommendations for the best target sequences. Multiple Vivo-morpholinos can be mixed together and injected into the eye together.

4. When using PCNA Vivo-morpholinos, it was found that the non-injected contralateral eye would show a significant knockdown of PCNA expression. This indicates that the Vivo-morpholino is able to successfully exit the injected eye and eventually enter the contralateral eye. As this phenomenon has been seen with other Vivo-morpholinos in the lab, further investigation is needed to understand the mechanism at hand.

5. Both Vivo-morpholinos and lipid encapsulation delivery of siRNAs have given us issues with long-term storage. Vivo-morpholinos progressively lose efficacy as the stock solution ages and precipitates out of solution within a month. The Altogen transfection reagent has to be replaced after about 3 months. Always check reagents before starting to ensure that no precipitation is visible.

6. In our hands, translation-blocking Vivo-morpholino oligonucleotides had slightly higher efficacy than siRNAs. This is likely to result from a better penetration into cell types of interest. As we reported in [17], in vivo transfection reagents from some manufacturers did not work at all, indicating that the nanoparticle/liposome formulation needs to be optimized for the species and cell type studied.

7. The method used to fix eyeballs can vary depending on the antibody used or the downstream analysis of interest. For example, some antibodies require fixation with 2% or 4% PFA in 0.1 M phosphate buffer with no ethanol [16,19], while other downstream applications may require different fixation buffers altogether [20]. Table 1 lists antibodies that we have validated to work in zebrafish retina, along with fixation conditions that have worked for immunofluorescence experiments.

8. In this protocol, we validated knockdown through immunohistochemistry. For siRNAs, qPCR can also be performed to validate knockdown of the gene of interest, as well as genes downstream of the target. For Vivo-morpholinos, mass spec analysis can be performed to validate protein knockdown. Both approaches have been shown in [17,18].

Table 1. Fixation conditions for antibodies validated to work in the zebrafish retina

Antibody	Host	Source	Catalog number	RRID	Fixative	References
BrdU (BU-1)	Ms	Invitrogen	MA3-071	AB_10986341	4% PFA, works in EtOH/PFA	[16,18]
Connexin 35/36	Ms	Millipore	MAB3045	AB_94632	2% PFA, 4% carbodiimide	[20]
Flag-DDK	Ms	Origene	TA50011	AB_2622345	4% PFA, works in EtOH/PFA	[16–18]
Glutamine synthetase (GS6)	Ms	Millipore	MAB302	AB_2110656	4% PFA	[16]
PCNA	Ms	Abcam	ab29	AB_303394	EtOH/PFA	[16]
PCNA	Rb	Abcam	Ab18197	AB_444313	EtOH/PFA	[16,18,19,21]
PKCα	Rb	Millipore	P4334	AB_477345	4% PFA, works in EtOH/PFA	[16,18,19]
Rhodopsin (Retp1)	Ms	Novus Biologicals	NB120-3267	AB_791922	4% PFA, works in EtOH/PFA	[16,18,19]
SV2	Ms	Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank	SV2	AB_2315387	4% PFA	[16,20]
ZO-1	Ms	ThermoFisher	33-9100	AB_2533147	4% PFA	[19]
Zpr1/Fret43	Ms	Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC)	ab174435	AB_10013803	4% PFA, works in EtOH/PFA	[16,18,20]

Acknowledgments

E.S. conceived the project. E.S., S.T., A.A., and A.S. performed experiments and analyzed data. J.O. and E.S. acquired funding. E.S. wrote the original draft. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.

The authors would like to thank Dr. Steven W. Wang for helpful discussions in injection technique, quantification, and reagents available to use. This protocol was validated in Shihabeddin et al. [17] and used in Shihabeddin et al. [18].

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical considerations

All procedures comply with the U.S. Public Health Service policy on humane care and use of laboratory animals and the NRC Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and have been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston under protocol HSC-AWC-21-0040 and at the University of Houston under protocol PROTO202100037.

References

1. Turchinovich, A., Zoidl, G. and Dermietzel, R. (2010). Non-viral siRNA delivery into the mouse retina in vivo. BMC Ophthalmol. 10(1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2415-10-25
2. Hatakeyama, H., Wu, S. Y., Mangala, L. S., Lopez-Berestein, G. and Sood, A. K. (2016). Assessment of In Vivo siRNA Delivery in Cancer Mouse Models. Methods Mol Biol. 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3378-5_15
3. Hana, S., Peterson, M., McLaughlin, H., Marshall, E., Fabian, A. J., McKissick, O., Koszka, K., Marsh, G., Craft, M., Xu, S., et al. (2021). Highly efficient neuronal gene knockout in vivo by CRISPR-Cas9 via neonatal intracerebroventricular injection of AAV in mice. Gene Ther. 28: 646–658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-021-00224-2
4. Thummel, R., Bailey, T. J. and Hyde, D. R. (2011). In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina. J Visualized Exp. e3791/3603. https://doi.org/10.3791/3603
5. Craig, S. E. L., Thummel, R., Ahmed, H., Vasta, G. R., Hyde, D. R. and Hitchcock, P. F. (2010). The Zebrafish Galectin Drgal1-L2 Is Expressed by Proliferating Müller Glia and Photoreceptor Progenitors and Regulates the Regeneration of Rod Photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51(6): 3244. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-4879
6. Thummel, R., Enright, J. M., Kassen, S. C., Montgomery, J. E., Bailey, T. J. and Hyde, D. R. (2010). Pax6a and Pax6b are required at different points in neuronal progenitor cell proliferation during zebrafish photoreceptor regeneration. Exp Eye Res. 90(5): 572–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.02.001
7. Morcos, P. A., Li, Y. and Jiang, S. (2008). Vivo-Morpholinos: A Non-Peptide Transporter Delivers Morpholinos into a Wide Array of Mouse Tissues. Biotechniques. 45(6): 613–623. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113005
8. Kim, S., Radhakrishnan, U. P., Rajpurohit, S. K., Kulkarni, V. and Jagadeeswaran, P. (2010). Vivo-Morpholino knockdown of αIIb: A novel approach to inhibit thrombocyte function in adult zebrafish. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 44(3): 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.12.004
9. Kizil, C., Iltzsche, A., Kaslin, J. and Brand, M. (2013). Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides. J Visualized Exp. e3791/50415. https://doi.org/10.3791/50415
10. Hughes, C. E., Radhakrishnan, U. P., Lordkipanidzé, M., Egginton, S., Dijkstra, J. M., Jagadeeswaran, P. and Watson, S. P. (2012). G6f-Like Is an ITAM-Containing Collagen Receptor in Thrombocytes. PLoS One. 7(12): e52622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052622
11. Pfefferli, C., Müller, F., Jaźwińska, A. and Wicky, C. (2014). Specific NuRD components are required for fin regeneration in zebrafish. BMC Biol. 12(1): e1186/1741–7007–12–30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-12-30
12. Kyritsis, N., Kizil, C., Zocher, S., Kroehne, V., Kaslin, J., Freudenreich, D., Iltzsche, A. and Brand, M. (2012). Acute Inflammation Initiates the Regenerative Response in the Adult Zebrafish Brain. Science. 338(6112): 1353–1356. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228773
13. Chiang, K. Y., Li, Y. W., Li, Y. H., Huang, S. J., Wu, C. L., Gong, H. Y. and Wu, J. L. (2021). Progranulin A Promotes Compensatory Hepatocyte Proliferation via HGF/c-Met Signaling after Partial Hepatectomy in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci. 22(20): 11217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011217
14. Meister, G. and Tuschl, T. (2004). Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nature. 431(7006): 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02873
15. Han, H. (2018). RNA Interference to Knock Down Gene Expression. Methods Mol Biol. : 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7471-9_16
16. Santhanam, A., Shihabeddin, E., Atkinson, J. A., Nguyen, D., Lin, Y. P. and O’Brien, J. (2020). A Zebrafish Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa Shows Continuous Degeneration and Regeneration of Rod Photoreceptors. Cells. 9(10): 2242. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9102242
17. Shihabeddin, E., Santhanam, A., Aronowitz, A. L. and O’Brien, J. (2024). Cost-effective strategies to knock down genes of interest in the retinas of adult zebrafish. Front Cell Neurosci. 17: e1321337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2023.1321337
18. Shihabeddin, E., Santhanam, A., Tetenborg, S., Aronowitz, A. L., Wei, H., Qin, G., Cai, C., Wu, J. and O’Brien, J. (2025). Master control genes in the regeneration of rod photoreceptors from endogenous progenitor cells in zebrafish retina. e105965. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.105965
19. Santhanam, A., Shihabeddin, E., Wei, H., Wu, J. and O’Brien, J. (2023). Molecular basis of retinal remodeling in a zebrafish model of retinitis pigmentosa. Cell Mol Life Sci. 80(12): 362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-023-05021-1
20. Li, H., Chuang, A. Z. and O'Brien, J. (2009). Photoreceptor Coupling Is Controlled by Connexin 35 Phosphorylation in Zebrafish Retina. J Neurosci. 29(48): 15178–15186. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3517-09.2009
21. Thummel, R., Kassen, S. C., Montgomery, J. E., Enright, J. M. and Hyde, D. R. (2007). Inhibition of Müller glial cell division blocks regeneration of the light‐damaged zebrafish retina. Dev Neurobiol. 68(3): 392–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20596