Induction of Skeletal Muscle Injury by Intramuscular Injection of Cardiotoxin in Mouse

Materials and Reagents

1. 1 mL syringe (for intraperitoneal injection), needle 0.45 mm (Shanghai Kindly Group, 2012-3151233)

2. 0.5 mL insulin syringe with 29 G ½ needle (for cardiotoxin injection) (EXELINT, catalog number: 26028)

3. 0.2 µm filter membrane (Millipore, catalog number: SLGPR33RB)

4. Cardiotoxin (CTX) 5 mg, from Naja atra (BOYAO BioTechnology, catalog number: 9012-91-3)

5. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Thermo Fisher, catalog number:10010023)

6. 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol (TBE) (Sigma, catalog number: T48402)

7. Tert-amyl alcohol (Sigma, catalog number: 240486)

8. 75% ethanol in liquid or in the form of pads (if using 95% or 99% ethanol, dilute with distilled water)

Equipment

1. Surgical scissors

2. Heating pad (Optional)

Procedure

1. Tools used for CTX injection are shown in Figure 1A. Video 1 shows how to inject CTX in mouse’s tibialis anterior (TA) muscle.

   
   
   
   Video 1. Demonstration of cardiotoxin (CTX) injection in mouse’s tibialis anterior muscle

   
   

   
   Figure 1. Illustration of cardiotoxin (CTX) injection in mouse’s TA muscle. A. Tools used to inject CTX; B–D. Key steps for CTX injection; E and F. Key steps for muscle dissection. TA: Tibialis anterior; EDL: Extensor digitorum longus.

   
   

2. Prepare 10 µM CTX by reconstituting CTX powder in PBS.

   CTX PREPARATION: Calculate the volume of PBS that is needed for the reconstitution of CTX powder. CTX used for this protocol is from Naja atra and has a molecular weight of approximately 7,100 Da. Hence, the volume of PBS is 5 mg/(10 µM × 7,100 g/mol) = 70.4 mL. Filter the solution through a membrane with 0.2 μm or smaller pore size. Aliquot and store at -20 °C or lower temperature. Do not freeze and thaw frequently.

3. Anesthetize the mice by intraperitoneal injection of TBE (Avertin) or other equivalent anesthesia (Figure 1B). 200–250 mg of TBE per kilogram of mice body weight is recommended. For example, for a mouse weighing 30 g, 200–250 mg/kg × 30 g = 6–7.5 mg of TBE is needed. If using 2.5% working solution, injection volume will be 6–7.5 mg/2.5% (2.5% equals 2.5 g/100 mL) = 240–300 µL.

   TBE PREPARATION: To prepare 100% TBE solution, mix 10 g of TBE with 10 mL tert-amyl alcohol. Make sure it is fully dissolved. To prepare working solution, dilute 100% stock to 1.25%–2.5%, v/v, in water or PBS. Stir vigorously until it is thoroughly dissolved. Filter the solution through a 0.2 μm filter membrane. Both the 100% stock and working solutions should be stored in the dark at 4 °C to prevent decomposition. The working solution is preferred to be prepared freshly from stock aliquots and is stable for at least a month.

4. To get a clear visualization of the TA muscle, either trim the hair or spray the hind limbs with 70% ethanol (Figure 1C and C’).

5. Determine the injection volume of CTX and aspirate a proper volume of the solution into the insulin syringe by pulling the plunger back slowly. To remove the air bubbles, hold the syringe with the needle upward and further gently pull the plunger down. Tap the side of the syringe to drive the air bubbles to top. Press the plunger until a few drops of liquid come out of the needle.

   A different volume of CTX solution needs to be applied based on different purposes. For a muscular regeneration experiment, a total of 50–100 µL of CTX with 5–10 injection sites is recommended for each TA muscle. For induction of muscular damage in muscle stem cell transplantation experiments, a total of 10–20 µL of CTX with 1–2 injection spots is recommended.

6. Locate the center of the TA muscle, insert the needle at a 10°–30° angle, 2–3 mm deep, and perform the injection (Figure 1D). Approximately 10 µL of CTX solution is injected at each site. Leave the needle in the muscle for 2–3 s to prevent leakage of CTX. Slowly pull out the needle and continue the next injection until desired volume of injection is reached (Video 1).

7. After the procedure, place the cage on a heated pad until the mice are awake.

8. Perform muscle histology characterization using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. A detailed protocol of muscle dissection (Figure 1E and 1F) and H&E staining was published previously (Wang et al., 2017). H&E staining allows for the evaluation of the morphology of the regeneration process post CTX injury during skeletal muscle regeneration (Figure 2). Before injury, H&E–stained transverse sections show highly organized muscle structure with eosin-stained cytoplasm and hematoxylin-stained nuclei placed at the periphery of the fibers. At day 3 post CTX injury, the muscle structure is completely destroyed, and both necrotic myofibers and numerous mononucleated cells are observed. Along with the regeneration process, myofibers are newly regenerated by fusion and differentiation of myoblasts. Newly formed myofibers display centrally located nuclei and smaller size in the cross-sectional area compared to that of uninjured state (Day7 in Figure 2).

   
   

   
   Figure 2. H&E staining of uninjured and injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscle induced by cardiotoxin (CTX). Scale bar, 50 µm.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science (XDA16020400 to PH), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170804 to PH). This protocol is derived from the original research paper (Zhou et al., 2020).

Competing interests

All authors declare that there are no competing interests.

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