Evaluation of Caspase-1 Activation and IL-1β Production in A Kainic Acid Microdyalisis Brain Injury Model

Materials and Reagents

1. Female Sprague-Dawley rats* of 200-220 g body weight
   
2. Isoflurane (Baxter S. L, catalog number: 691477H )
   
3. Local analgesic Bupivacaine 0.25% (Braun Medical S. A, catalog number: 671065 )
   
4. Betadine (Meda Farma Sau, catalog number: 644625.6 )
   
5. Ocular lubricant (Lab Pérez Giménez, catalog number: 973370 )
   
6. Sorbitol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S6021 )
   
7. Albumin from rat serum (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A6414 )
   
8. Kainic Acid 100 mM (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: K0250 )
   
9. Biotinylated Caspase Inhibitor 100 mM biotinyl-YVAD-CMK (AnaSpec, USA)
   
10. Capillary Gap microscope slides (Dako REAL, catalog number: K8020 )
    
11. Fluorescein-streptavidin conjugate (BD Pharmingen, Pharmingen^TM, catalog number: 554060 A-2001 )
    
12. NeuN (Chemicon International, catalog number: MAB377 )
    
13. Goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody Alexa Fluor-568 (Life Technologies, Molecular Probes^®, catalog number: A11031 )
    
14. Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B2261 )
15. Paraformaldehyde
    
16. KH₂PO₄
    
17. MgSO₄
    
18. NaHCO₃
    
19. CaCl₂
    
20. KCl
    
21. Isotonic Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (see Recipes)
    
22. Hypertonic KRB (see Recipes)
    
23. Isotonic Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (KRB) (see Recipes)
    
24. Hypertonic KRB (see Recipes)
    
25. Sacrifice anesthesia solution (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Small-animal sterotaxic apparatus (David Kopf, catalog number: 962 )
   
2. Perfusion pumps (Bas, catalog number: MD-1001 )
   
3. 1 ml syringes (Bas, catalog number: MD-000 )
   
4. Dental drill and # 1 burrs
   
5. Scalpel
   
6. Anesthesia Isoflurane vaporizer (Parkland Scientific, catalog number: V3000PK )
   
7. Rat ear bars (David Kopf, catalog number: 957 )
   
8. Rat anesthesia mask (David Kopf, catalog number: 1929-B )
   
9. Hypodermic needle (25 G)
   
10. Microdialysis pumps  (BAS, catalog number: MD-1001 Babe Bee)
    
11. Microdialysis probes, Cut-off 100.000 Daltons CMA-12 14/02 PES, (CMA, USA)
    
12. Liquid Switch Valve (Univentor, Zejtun ZTN08, catalog number: 8401405 )
    
13. Tygon tubing R3603; 0.38 mm ID (Cole Parmer Instruments Co. USA)
    

Experimental set-up

Procedure

1. Animal Preparation
   1. The rat must be anesthetized prior to be placed in the stereotaxic equipment instrument. Place the animal into a vaporizer isoflurane box (breathing chamber), and keep it until the rat it is completely anesthetized. The anesthetic system automatically mixes pure isoflurane solution with oxygen in a desired proportion. During the performance of the experiment, a 2% mix of isoflurane is used.
      
   2. Shave the hair from the head.
      
   3. Stabilize the head of the animal by using rat ear bars and the rat anesthesia mask, adjusted dorso-ventrally at -3.0. To properly mark the coordinates for the microdialysis probes implant, the incisor bar was adjusted until the heights of lambda and bregma were equal. This flat skull position was achieved when the incisor bar was lowered 3.3 ± 0.4 mm below horizontal zero, according to Paxinos atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 1997).
      
   4. Apply ocular lubricant on eyes to avoid drying up.
      
   5. Decontaminate the skin with Betadine applying it on the head of the rat with the aid of a tip of cotton.
      
   6. To avoid extra bleeding from the skull, we administrate a vasoconstrictor local analgesic subcutaneously in the middle line of the head (0.1-0.2 ml).
      
   7. Make a 1-1.5 cm incision in the middle line of the skin head.
      
   8. Identify bregma and lambda after gently scraping away the periosteal connective tissue.
      
      
2. Microdialysis probes implant
   1. According to the Paxinos atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 1997) the coordinates used for the implant of microdialysis probes are: - 4.6 mm posterior to bregma, + 2.5 mm lateral to midline (right hemisphere), - 2.5 mm lateral to midline (left hemisphere) and + 3.0 mm ventral from dura mater.
      
   2. Mark stereotaxically these points in order to drill the bone for the insertion of the microdialysis probes. The holes must penetrate the full skull but not the dura mater. The dura mater can be cut with a hypodermic needle (25 G). Apply lint if a small bleeding is produced.
      
   3. Mount the microdialysis probe in the probe/guide holder and attach it to a sterotaxic manipulator.
      
   4. Connect syringes to the liquid switch valve and then to the inlet canula of the probe through a 500 mm length Tygon tubing.
      
   5. Connect 25 mm of Tygon tubing to the outlet canula of the probe to collect the perfusate.
      
   6. Implant one probe in each hemisphere.
      
   7. In the left hemisphere we have two syringes connected to the probe: Syringe A filled with isotonic KRB and syringe B with isotonic KRB + Kainic Acid. Both connected to a microdialysis pump. Run the pump at flow rate of 1 μl/min.
      
   8. In the right hemisphere, we also have two syringes: Syringe C is filled with hypertonic KRB and syringe B with hypertonic KRB + Kainic Acid. Both connected to the microdyalysis pump.
      
   9. Start KRB perfusion in the left hemisphere immediately after the probe implant. The first 100 min of perfusion are discarded (stabilization period). After this period, collect the basal sample for 1 h. Then, perfuse kainic acid for 60 min, followed by a washout period of 6 h. At the end of the experiment, perfuse the biotinylated caspase-1 inhibitor for 1 h. The same protocol is used for the right hemisphere perfusion.
      
   10. Collect samples in an Eppendorf tube every hour and immediately transfer them to the freezer at -20 °C for its posterior IL-1 analysis.
       
   11. Stitch up the skin head and transfer the animal to a cage overnight.
       
       
3. Tissue processing and histological detection of caspase-1 inhibitor
   1. Sacrifice the animal the following day under deep sacrifice anesthesia solution through intracardiac perfusion fixation with 250 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde, after a previous perfusion wash with 50 ml isotonic saline.
      
   2. Postfix brain in the same fixative solution for 24 h at 4 °C, wash and cryoprotect the tissue with 30% sucrose in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Freeze down the tissue and cut 20-μm-thick coronal sections of the hyppocampus in a cryostat.
      
   3. Mount tissue sections on positive-charged slides (Capillary Gap microscope slides), and treat them with 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 6.0) at 95 °C for 4 min for antigen retrieval.
      
   4. Incubate sections in fluorescein-streptavidin conjugate (1:200) for fluorochrome detection of caspase-1 inhibitor.
      
   5. For double-staining with a neuronal marker, incubate sections with the anti-neuronal nuclei primary antibody NeuN (1:500), after a previous treatment with 5% normal goat serum in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS.
      
   6. Incubate sections with Alexa Fluor-568 goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (1:400).
      
   7. Coverslip slides in a medium containing p-phenylenediamine and bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342) for nuclei detection.
      Note: All procedures used in this work were in accordance with the European Union Council Directive (86/609/EEC). The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Hospital “Ramón y Cajal” (animal facilities ES280790002001).
      

Recipes

1. Isotonic Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (KRB)
   0.4 mM KH₂PO₄
   1.2 mM MgSO₄
   25 mM NaHCO₃
   1.2 mM CaCl₂
   3 mM KCl
   0.5 mg/ml Rat Albumin
   
2. Hypertonic KRB
   0.4 mM KH₂PO₄
   1.2 mM MgSO₄
   25 mM NaHCO₃
   1.2 mM CaCl₂
   3 mM KCl
   20% Sorbitol
   0.5 mg/ml Rat Albumin
3. Sacrifice anesthesia solution
   0.4-0.5 ml/rat of a mixture prepared as follows:
   0.5 ml of Ketamine (50 mg/ml)
   0.4 ml of Valium (4 mg/ml)
   0.1 ml Atropine (1 mg/ml)
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol has been adapted from the previously published paper: Compan et al. (2012). This work was supported by grants from PN I+D+I 2008-2011-Instituto Salud Carlos III-FEDER (EMER07/049 and PI09/0120) and Fundación Séneca (11922/PI/09). The authors declare no conflict of interests.

References

1. Compan, V., Baroja-Mazo, A., López-Castejón, G., Gomez, A. I., Martínez, C. M., Angosto, D., Montero, M. T., Herranz, A. S., Bazán, E. and Reimers, D. (2012). Cell volume regulation modulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 2012;37:487-500.
   
2. Oprica, M., Eriksson, C. and Schultzberg, M. (2003). Inflammatory mechanisms associated with brain damage induced by kainic acid with special reference to the interleukin‐1 system. J Cell Mol Med 7(2): 127-140.   
   
3. Paxinos G and Watson C. The rat brain in sterotaxic coordinates, 3ed Edition.(1997). Academic Press, Inc. (Ca, USA)