Isolation of Primary Cytotrophoblasts From Human Placenta at Term

Materials and Reagents

Disposable

1. Percoll (1.130 ± 0.005 g/ml) (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, catalog number: GE17-0891-01). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

2. 10× Hank’s Buffered Saline Solution w/o Ca, w/o Mg, w/o Phenol red (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14175053). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

3. 1× Hank’s Buffered Saline Solution w/o Ca, w/o Mg, w/o Phenol red (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14175095). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

4. Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12440061). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

5. Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco Medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12440061). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

6. Gentamicin 50 mg/ml (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 15750037). Keep it sterile and conserve at RT

7. Sterile heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 10082147). Keep it sterile. Aliquote and store at -20°C

8. Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14190359). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

9. Lyophilized dispase II (Roche Diagnostics, catalog number: 4942078001). Store at 4°C

10. DNAse I, grade II (Roche Diagnostics, catalog number: 10104159001). Resuspend at 10 mg/ml and store at -20°C

11. 4 L to 8 L NaCl 0.9% (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: 9265.2). Keep it sterile and conserve at 4°C

12. Nunc 200 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 376813)

13. 15 ml centrifuge tubes (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 188261)

14. 50 ml centrifuge tubes (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 227261)

15. 5 ml serological pipets (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 606180)

16. 10 ml serological pipets (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 607180)

17. 20 ml syringes (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 474203)

18. 50 ml syringes (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 475203)

19. Blunt-end 16 G needles (VWR International, catalog number: POPR7938)

20. Corning 40 µm disposable cell strainer (Corning, catalog number: 431750)

21. Plastics for cell culture. Coating with collagen or laminin is not necessary, but better results can be obtained by using pretreated plastics such as the Advanced TC products (Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, catalog number: 665980)

Non-Disposable Sterilized Materials

1. One dish stainless-steel (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: 0376.1)

2. One pair of big scissors (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: YE80.1)

3. One pair of little scissors (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: HEY6.1)

4. One tweezer straight (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: 2802.1)

5. One big round sieve (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: 8101.1)

6. One little round sieve (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: 8096.1)

7. One funnel (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: 0166.1)

8. One flat glass recipient (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: HX16.1)

9. One 500 m baffled flasks with screw closure (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: PK17.1)

10. One 500 ml baffled flasks, straight neck (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: LY96.1)

11. One 1 L beaker (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: X695.1)

12. One 2 L beaker (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, catalog number: X696.2)

13. One stainless-steel test sieve, pore size 200 µm (Retsch, catalog number: 60.106.000200)

14. One stainless-steel test sieve, pore size 100 µm (Retsch, catalog number: 60.106.000100)

15. One stainless-steel test sieve, pore size 40 µm (Retsch, catalog number: 60.106.000040)

Equipment

1. Pipet controller

2. Vacuum machine

3. Bucket

4. Refrigerated centrifuge at 4°C with adaptors for 15 ml tubes, 50 ml tubes, and 200 ml centrifugation tubes

5. Stand with a clamp

6. Surgical lamp (cold light)

7. Laminar flow hood

8. Atmosphere-controlled humidified incubator

9. Scale

10. Shaking water bath at 37°C

11. Fluorescence microscope and camera

Procedure

See the video 1 joined to this protocol to get a complete overview of the procedure.

1. Discontinuous Percoll Gradient Preparation

   1. Prepare all the solutions and the gradient under a laminar flow hood.

   2. Prepare one solution of 90% Percoll by mixing 19.8 ml of stock Percoll (100%) with 2.2 ml of 10× HBSS.

   3. Prepare the following dilutions in 15 ml tubes as indicated in Table 1. Briefly centrifuge the solutions and store them at 4°C. The Percoll dilutions can be prepared several days before the isolation procedure.

      
      

      Table 1. Preparation of the Percoll dilutions for the discontinuous gradient

      %	90% Percoll (ml)	1× HBSS (ml)
      70	2.8	0.8
      65	2.6	1
      60	2.4	1.2
      55	2.2	1.4
      50	2	1.6
      45	1.8	1.8
      40	1.6	2
      35	1.4	2.2
      30	1.2	2.4
      25	1	2.6
      20	0.8	2.8
      15	0.6	3
      10	0.4	3.2
      5	0.2	3.4

      
      

   4. In a 50 ml tube, delicately drop off 3 ml of each dilution, layer-by-layer, starting with the 70% dilution. To facilitate the process, use a 5 ml serological pipet with the pipet controller set on the passive mode and let the solution descend very slowly.

   5. Keep the gradient at 4°C for optimal separation of the cells. It must be freshly prepared the day of the isolation.




2. Placenta Collection

   1. Only include placentas retrieved from strictly normal singleton pregnancies at term (37-41 weeks of gestation), without any fetal (growth restriction, malformations, genomic abnormalities, or infection), placental (unique umbilical artery, placenta praevia, or placenta accreta), or maternal (chronic diseases, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, medications, alcohol, or drugs) complications.

   2. Collect material on ice immediately after cesarean section and proceed with digestion within one hour.




3. Tissue Preparation

   1. Put the placenta in the stainless steel container and roughly remove the amniotic membranes with the pair of big scissors.

   2. Cut the placenta into 2 × 2 cm pieces and put them in the 2 L beaker (Figure 1A).

   3. Wash the tissue by adding 500 ml of NaCl 0.9%. Mix well and drain the pieces in the big sieve placed on the bucket (Figure 1B).

   4. Repeat this operation until the wash solution remains clear (4 L to 8 L needed).

      
      

      
      Figure 1. Washing step. A. After cutting the placenta into pieces, put them in the 2 L beaker and add 500 ml of NaCl 0.9%. B. Shake the beaker vigorously and drain the tissue in the sieve. Repeat this operation several times. After 4 to 8 L of NaCl 0.9%, the pieces must turn light red, and the wash solution must remain clear.

      
      

   5. Place the pieces in the glass container and delicately dry the tissue with paper towels (Figure 2A).

   6. With the pair of little scissors and the tweezer, remove the big blood vessels (Figure 2B), the chorionic plate and the remaining amniotic membranes (the white side) (Figure 2C and 2D), the decidua (the pearly opposite side), and the blood clots to facilitate the digestion and to reduce the amount of debris.

      
      

      
      Figure 2. Cleaning step. Prepare the pieces for digestion. A. After drying with paper towels, B. Remove big blood vessels and C-D. the chorionic plate. This step can be time-consuming, but reducing the amount of debris improves digestion and protocol yield.

   
   

   7. Using the scale, weigh 72 g of tissue and chop the fragments with the pair of big scissors (Figure 3A).




4. Enzymatic Digestion

   1. In the water bath, preheat 300 ml of 1× HBSS in the 500 ml baffled flasks with screw closure.

   2. Dissolve 720 units of lyophilized dispase I in the preheated 1× HBSS to obtain a solution at 2.4 units/ml.

   3. Add the finely minced placental tissue to the dispase solution and incubate 1 h in the water bath under strong shaking (Figure 3B).

   4. Add 1.2 ml of DNAse I 10 mg/ml to the digested tissue to obtain a final concentration of 100 units/ml.

   5. Incubate in the water bath under strong shaking for another 15 min.

      
      

      
      Figure 3. Digestion step. Dissolve 720 units of dispase I in 300 ml of preheated HBSS. A. Chop the pieces with the pair of big scissors and transfer the pulp to the baffled flask. B. Incubate the mixture 1 h in the water bath under strong shaking. Add predissolved DNAse I and incubate for another 15 min.




5. Cell Isolation and Purification

   1. Prefilter the suspension using in the little sieve placed on the 1 L beaker (Figure 4A).

   2. Fix the three test sieves in decreasing order (pore diameter: 200 µm-100 µm-40 µm) on the stand with the clamp.

   3. Place the stainless steel funnel and the 500 ml baffled flasks with a straight neck below the filters.

   4. Let the suspension pass through the filtration system. If the filtration is difficult, agitate the test sieves to move debris and draw air. Alternatively, a porcelain spoon can also be used to remove blocking dirt (Figure 4B).

      
      

      
      Figure 4. Filtration step. A. After the digestion, the suspension is first prefiltered by using the little sieve. B. The suspension is then passed through the three test sieves, fixed on the stand by decreasing order. The filtrate is finally centrifuged; the pellet contains red blood cells, lymphocytes, debris, and cytotrophoblasts.

   
   

   5. Divide the filtrate into two centrifugation bottles and complete with IMDM or DMEM medium supplemented with gentamicin (final concentration 50 µg/ml). This will be referred to as “wash medium” in the rest of the procedure.

   6. Centrifuge 20 min at 500 × g.

   7. Aspirate the supernatant. The pellet contains red blood cells, lymphocytes, debris, and cytotrophoblasts. Be careful not to aspirate the pellet, as it is friable at this step of the procedure.

   8. Resuspend the pellet with 10 ml of wash medium and transfer to a new 50 ml tube.

   9. Complete to 50 ml with wash medium and centrifuge 5 min at 500 × g.

   10. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 6 ml of wash medium.

   11. Delicately lay down these 6 ml on the surface of the gradient with the pipet controller (Figure 5A and 5B).

       
       

       
       Figure 5. Gradient step. The 6 ml contains a mix of debris, red blood cells, lymphocytes, and cytotrophoblasts. The discontinuous Percoll gradient allows separating the cell type by density. A. The gradient was freshly prepared on the day of isolation and stored at 4°C until use. B. After the filtration step, the cell suspension is meticulously deposited at the surface of the gradient. It is then centrifuged to separate the cells between the different layers.

   
   

   12. Centrifuge 20 min at 1,200 × g without brake.

   13. After centrifugation, place the gradient in front of the surgical lamp (cold light) to visualize the cells. The cytotrophoblasts form a thick layer localized between 12.5 ml and 25 ml, which corresponds to a density of 1.048-1.062 g/ml (layers 45%-40%-35%) (Figure 6). This has been previously determined with density marker beads. The debris must be localized in the low-density layers, whereas the lymphocytes can be visualized below the cytotrophoblasts. Some red blood cells may be observed within the cytotrophoblast layer, but the majority of them should be located at the bottom of the tube.

       
       

       
       Figure 6. The discontinuous Percoll gradient after centrifugation. The cells form a compact cloud between 12.5 and 20 ml. The debris (red) are above, while the red blood cells form a pellet at the bottom of the tube. Some lymphocytes can be observed around the 12 ml graduation.

   
   

   14. Remove by aspiration the upper layers corresponding to the debris with a 50 ml syringe and a blunt-end 15 G needle.

   15. With a new 20 ml syringe and the other blunt-end 15 G needle, aspirate the cell layer corresponding to the cytotrophoblasts and put them in a new 50 ml tube.

   16. Complete the volume to 50 ml with wash medium and centrifuge 5 min at 300 × g.

   17. The cytotrophoblasts form a white pellet at the bottom of the tube. Some red blood cells can be occasionally observed.

   18. Remove the supernatant and thoroughly resuspend the pellet with 6 ml of 0.05% trypsin.

   19. Manually agitate the tube 1 min in the water bath and stop the reaction by immediately placing the tube on ice.

   20. Add wash medium rapidly to 50 ml and centrifuge 5 min at 300 × g.

   21. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 10 ml of wash medium.

   22. Filtrate the solution with a 40-µm disposable cell strainer.

   23. Complete the volume to 50 ml with wash medium and proceed to counting.




6. Cell Counting and Culture

   1. Dilute 60 µl of the cell suspension in 260 µl of wash medium.

   2. Add 100 µl of 0.4% Trypan blue.

   3. Count the cells with a hemocytometer (Bürker) and determine the percentage of viability.

   4. Centrifuge the cell suspension 5 min at 300 × g.

   5. Resuspend the pellet in complete culture medium (IMDM-10% FBS, gentamicin 50 μg/ml). From now, the cytotrophoblasts must be cultured with IMDM.

   6. Plate the cells at a density of 4.0 × 10⁵ cells/cm² to achieve immediate confluence (for example, 1.5 × 10⁶ cells/well in a 12-well plate).

   7. Place the cells in an atmosphere-controlled humidified incubator under 21% O₂-5% O₂.

   8. The day after, wash the cells with preheated 1× DPBS to remove debris, syncytial knots, and unattached cells.

   9. Aspirate the DPBS and add preheated culture medium. Change the medium every 24 h.

   10. The cells can be cultured for several days (up to 21 days). Some syncytiotrophoblasts can already be observed after 24 h, and the maximum syncytialization is achieved 72-96 h after isolation.

   11. We advise checking the purity of the culture the first few times the protocol is performed (Supplementary file).

Acknowledgments

This protocol was initially developed by Frédéric Debiève and optimized by Christophe Depoix and Arthur Colson during the last few years with the technical support of Séverine Gonze. The authors are particularly grateful to medical doctors and midwives of the department of obstetrics of the Saint-Luc University Hospital for providing access to fresh placentas. The development of this technique was fully supported by the charity Fetus for Life. AC is a PhD Fellow of the Belgian Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interest.

Ethics

The work performed in our lab was conducted with the approval of the Ethical Committee of the Catholic University of Louvain and the Saint-Luc University Hospital (Brussels, Belgium) under the reference 2018/23OCT/397. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

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