Microtubule Seeded-assembly in the Presence of Poorly Nucleating Nucleotide Analogues

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips
2. Open-top thinwall polypropylene centrifuge tubes, 175 μl, 5 x 20 mm (Beckman Coulter, catalog number: 342630 )
3. Beryllium sulfate (BeSO₄·4H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 14270 )
4. Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E3889 )
5. Glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G5516 )
6. Guanosine 5’-triphosphate sodium salt hydrate (GTP) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G8877 )
7. Magnesium chloride solution (MgCl₂) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 63069 )
8. Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P6757 )
9. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 30603 )
10. Sodium Fluoride (NaF) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S7920 )
11. BRB80 buffer solution 5x (see Recipes)
12. GDP solution (see Recipes)
13. Tubulin stocks (see Recipes)
14. NaF solution (see Recipes)
15. BeSO₄ solution (see Recipes)
16. G-BRB80-BeF₃^- (see Recipes)
17. BRB80-BeF₃^- solution (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Pipetman Classic P100, P20, P10 (Gilson, catalog numbers: F123615 , F123600 , F144802 )
2. Airfuge Air-Driven (Beckmann Coulter, catalog number: 340401 )
3. Fixed-angle rotor A-110 (Beckman Coulter, catalog number: 347596 )
4. Refrigerator MEDIKA 100 ECT-F (fiocchetti)
5. Compressed air cooler BEKOBLITZZ LC12 (Beko Technologies, catalog number: 4020103 )
6. Compressed air filter Clearpoint, 1 μm (Beko Technologies, catalog number: S040SWT )
7. Membrane dryer Drypoint M plus (Beko Technologies, catalog number: 4007626 )
8. Condensate drain ECD model ED12
9. B2000 Ultrasonic Cleaner (Branson)
10. Dri-Block heater DB-2D (Techne)
11. Spectrophotometer Uvikon XS (Secomam, Bio-Tek Instruments)
12. Quartz cuvette Ultra-Micro cells (Hellma, catalog number: 105-201-15-40 )
13. Julabo F30-C (Julabo) with Thermal HY fluid, -60 °C to +65 °C, (Julabo, catalog number: 8940104 )
14. Julabo MP-5 (Julabo) with Thermal HY fluid, -60 °C to +65 °C, (Julabo, catalog number: 8940104 )
15. Three-way valves, PFTE (Bürkle, catalog number: 8610-0006 )
    

Software

1. LabPower v3.50 (Secomam, Bio-Tek Instruments)
2. Excel (Microsoft)
3. Affinity Designer (Serif Ltd)
   

Procedure

1. Spectrophotomer preparation
   1. Switch on the spectrophotometer and make sure that it uses the UV lamp at 350 nm.
      Note: The default value to switch from the UV (D2) to the halogen lamp is 340 nm on the Uvikon XS. This value must be changed to, e.g., 360 nm, since the UV lamp must be used with the Ultra-Micro-cell quartz cuvettes at 350 nm.
   2. Select the autorate mode at 350 nm.
   3. Switch on the warm water bath, set the temperature to 35 °C and let equilibrate for 15 min.
      Note: The temperatures of the warm and cold circulating baths must be adjusted using a small thermocouple inside the quartz cuvette filled with water. The goal is to reach 35 °C and 4 °C for polymerization and depolymerization conditions, respectively. Variations in ambient temperature ( the cold water bath, set the temperature to 2 °C and let equilibrate for 30 min.e.g., between summer and winter) may require periodic control and adjustment of these settings. Do not exceed 35 °C during polymerization, since tubulin denaturates easily above this temperature (Weis et al., 2010).
   4. Switch on the cold water bath, set the temperature to 2 °C and let equilibrate for 30 min.
   5. Circulate the 35 °C fluid inside the spectrophotometer thermostated cell holder (Figure 1).
      
      
      Figure 1. Temperature control of the spectrophotometer. A. Two water baths regulated at 35 °C and 2 °C are connected to the thermostated 6+6 cell changer of the spectrophotometer. Three-ways valves allow rapid switch of the temperature from 35 °C (bottom) to 4 °C (top). The temperature of the cold water bath must be set below 4 °C due to warming up of the fluid in the tubing system. The actual warm and cold temperatures must be checked regularly inside the cell holder using a small thermocouple. B. Warm (left) and cold (right) bather baths. C. Three-way valves. These must be switched simultaneously.
      
      
      
2. Microtubule seeds preparation (for 30 µl)
   1. Thaw rapidly between fingers a 10 μl aliquot of tubulin (initial concentration 22 mg/ml) and keep at 4 °C until use.
      Note: Tubulin was purified from porcine brains by two cycles of assembly in a high-molarity buffer (Castoldi and Popov, 2003), followed by a cycling step to obtain tubulin liganded with GDP at the E-site (Ashford et al., 1998). Cycled tubulin is commercially available, e.g., from PurSolution (https://puresoluble.com/cycled-tubulin/).Tubulin at a final concentration of 22 mg/ml was aliquoted in 100 µl and 10 µl aliquots, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C until use. Once tubulin has been defrost, try to minimize all steps until polymerization since it will rapidly denaturates if kept in its unassembled form, even at 4 °C.
   2. Add 5.5 µl of the tubulin solution to 24.5 μl of G-BRB80-BeF₃^- in a polypropylene centrifuge tube.
   3. Centrifuge the tube in the Airfuge at 141,000 x g (A-110 rotor, 22 psig), 5 min, 4 °C (Figure 2).
      Note: The airfuge is not regulated in temperature. It must be placed in a cold room, or alternatively in a freezer such as in Figure 2. In both cases, the incoming air flow must also be cooled, otherwise the rotor will warm up (see manufacturer’s instructions if installed in a cold room).
   4. Incubate the supernatant in the dry block heater, 1 h, 35 °C.
   5. Sonicate the microtubules in the ultrasonic cleaner, 1 min.
   6. Keep microtubule seeds at 35 °C until use in the following step.
      
      
      Figure 2. Temperature control of the Airfuge. The Airfuge is maintained at 4 °C inside a refrigerator. The incoming compressed air must also be cooled before reaching the centrifuge to avoid warming-up of the rotor during centrifugation.
      
      
      
3. Microtubule seeded assembly followed by spectrophotometry at 350 nm (for 100 µl)
   1. Thaw rapidly a 20 µl aliquot of tubulin (initial concentration 22 mg/ml).
   2. Add 18 µl of this tubulin solution to 82 μl of BRB80-BeF₃^- in a polypropylene centrifuge tube.
   3. Centrifuge the tube in the Airfuge at 141,000 x g (A-110 rotor, 22 psig), 5 min, 4 °C.
   4. Incubate the supernatant in the dry block heater, 5 min, 35 °C.
   5. Pipet 90 µl of the pre-warmed tubulin solution and add 10 µl of pre-warmed seeds.
   6. Transfer the mix to the quartz cuvette and place it inside the spectrophotometer.
   7. Press autozero and start recording at 2 points/min.
   8. After about 1 h of polymerization, switch the fluid to the 2 °C thermostated bath to induce microtubule depolymerization (Figure 1).
   9. Stop recording when the OD baseline trace remains stable.
   10. Save data in Excel format (.xls) and plot the variation in optical density at 350 nm (∆OD 350 nm, a.u.) versus time (min) in Excel (Figure 3).
       
       
       Figure 3. Assembly of GDP-BeF₃^--microtubules in the presence and absence of seeds. The OD decreases below zero after cold depolymerization of the microtubules assembled in the presence of seeds (plain line), since these latter contributed to the initial turbidity of the specimen. In the absence of seeds (dotted line), the OD remains almost stable after switching to 4 °C. This indicates that the small increase in OD was essentially due to the formation of tubulin aggregates.

Data analysis

The LabPower software was used to control the Uvikon XS spectrophotometer and acquire data in autorate mode, which were further saved in Excel (.xls) format. Data were imported into Excel for visualizing the variations in optical density versus time plots. Figures were prepared in Affinity Designer.

Recipes

1. BRB80 buffer solution 5x
   0.4 M PIPES, adjusted to pH 6.8 with KOH
   5 mM MgCl₂
   5 mM EGTA
   Store at 4 °C for up to one month
2. GDP solution
   20 mM in BRB80 1x
   Split into 20 µl aliquots
   Store at -20 °C for up to one year
3. Tubulin stocks
   22 mg·ml^-1 purified porcine brain tubulin
   Store at -80 °C for up to one year
4. NaF solution
   200 mM in BRB80 1x
   Store at 4 °C for up to one month
5. BeSO₄ solution
   20 mM in BRB80 1x
   Store at 4 °C for up to one month
6. G-BRB80-BeF₃^-
   1x BRB80
   20 mM NaF
   5 mM BeSO₄
   1 mM GDP
   25% Glycerol
   Keep at 4 °C until use.
7. BRB80-BeF₃^- solution
   1x BRB80
   20 mM NaF
   5 mM BeSO₄
   1 mM GDP
   Keep at 4 °C until use.
   Note: Prepare fresh BRB80-BeF₃^- solution since BeF₃^- salts are not stable.
   

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-16-C11-0017-01). This protocol was derived from Estévez-Gallego et al., 2020.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

1. Ashford, A. J., Anderson, S. S. L. and Hyman, A. A. (1998). Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook. 2nd edition. Vol 2. In: Celis, J. E. (Ed.). Academic Press, 205-212.
2. Castoldi, M. and Popov, A. V. (2003). Purification of brain tubulin through two cycles of polymerization-depolymerization in a high-molarity buffer. Protein Expr Purif 32(1): 83-88.
3. Estévez-Gallego, J., Josa-Prado, F., Ku, S., Buey, R. M., Balaguer, F. A., Prota, A. E., Lucena-Agell, D., Kamma-Lorger, C., Yagi, T., Iwamoto, H., Duchesne, L., Barasoain, I., Steinmetz, M. O., Chrétien, D., Kamimura, S., Díaz, J. F. and Oliva, M. A. (2020). Structural model for differential cap maturation at growing microtubule ends. Elife 9: e50155.
4. Maurer, S. P., Bieling, P., Cope, J., Hoenger, A. and Surrey, T. (2011). GTPγS microtubules mimic the growing microtubule end structure recognized by end-binding proteins (EBs). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(10): 3988-3993.
5. Maurer, S. P., Fourniol, F. J., Hoenger, A. and Surrey, T. (2014). Seeded microtubule growth for cryoelectron microscopy of end-binding proteins. Methods Mol Biol 1136: 247-260.
6. Weis, F., Moullintraffort, L., Heichette, C., Chrétien, D. and Garnier, C. (2010). The 90-kDa heat shock protein Hsp90 protects tubulin against thermal denaturation. J Biol Chem 285(13): 9525-9534.
7. Zhang, R., Alushin, G. M., Brown, A. and Nogales, E. (2015). Mechanistic origin of microtubule dynamic instability and its modulation by EB proteins. Cell 162(4): 849-859.