Isolation and Establishment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton’s Jelly of Human Umbilical Cord

Materials and Reagents

1. 15 and 50 ml centrifuge tubes (Corning, catalog numbers: 430791 and 430829 respectively)
   
2. 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: MCT-150-C )
   
3. 90 mm Petri dish sterile (Tarsons, catalog number: 460090 )
   
4. 35 mm cell culture dish (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 353001 )
   
5. 1 ml blunt-end pipette tips
   
6. Corning^® 1.2 ml External Threaded Polypropylene Cryogenic Vial, Self-Standing with Conical Bottom (Corning, catalog number: 430658 )
   
7. FACS tubes (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352054 )
   
8. Millex-GP Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 µm, polyether sulfone, 33 mm, gamma sterilized (Merck, catalog number: SLGP033RS )
   
9. 20 ml and 5 ml syringes*
   
10. Sterile Scalpel blade No. 20 (HiMedia Laboratories, catalog number: LA771 )
    
11. 0.5-10 µl microtips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: T-300 )
    
12. 20-200 µl pipette tips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: T-200-C )
    
13. 100-1000 µl pipette tips (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: T-1000-C )
    
14. Biohazards disposable waste bags*
    
15. Plastic beaker*
    
16. 0.9% w/v saline*
    
17. Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100x) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15240096 )
    
18. Isopropanol*
    
19. Autoclaved distilled water
    
20. Absolute ethanol (Merck, catalog number: 1.00983.0511 )
    
21. Sodium hypochlorite solution (Merck, catalog number: 1.93607.1021 )
    
22. Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), No calcium, no magnesium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 14190144 )
    
23. TrypLETM Express Enzyme (1x), no phenol red (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 12604013 )
    
24. Trypan blue solution 0.4% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T8154 )
    
25. Flow cytometry antibodies (Table 1)
    
    Table 1. Flow cytometry antibodies
    

    S. No.	Antigen (CD marker)	Antibody	Manufacturer	Dilution
    1.	CD73	Anti-Human CD73 PE	BD, BD PharmingenTM, catalog number: 550257	1.5 µl in 50 µl of cell suspension
    2.	CD90	Anti-Human CD90 PE	BD, BD PharmingenTM, catalog number: 555596	1.5 µl in 50 µl of cell suspension
    3.	CD105	Anti-Human CD105-PE	R&D Systems, catalog number: FAB10971P	1 µl in 50 µl of cell suspension
    4.	CD34	Anti-Human CD34	BD, BD PharmingenTM, catalog number: 550761	1 µl in 50 µl of cell suspension
    S. No.		Isotype antibody	Manufacturer	Dilution
    1.		IgG1, kappa	BD, BD PharmingenTM, catalog number: 550617	1µl of 1:16 dilution in 50 µl of cell suspension (for CD73 and CD34) 1.5 µl in 50 µl cell suspension for CD90
    2.		IgG1	R&D Systems, catalog number: IC002P	1µl of 1:16 dilution in 50 µl cell suspension

    
    
26. KnockOut^TM D-MEM high glucose no glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 10829018 )
    Note: DMEM-F12 or DMEM, high glucose could also be used in place of KnockOut^TM D-MEM (Nekanti et al., 2010).
    
27. L-Glutamine (200 mM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25030149 )
    
28. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) mesenchymal stem cell qualified (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 12662029 )
    Note: The source, grade and lot number of FBS play a critical role in MSC culture establishment.
    
29. Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15140148 )
    
30. Phosphate buffered saline tablets (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P4417 )
    
31. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog numbers: D2650 )
    
32. Sheath fluid ( BD Biosciences, BD FACS Flow^TM, catalog number: 342003 )
    
33. MSC isolation media (see Recipes)
    
34. MSC growth media (see Recipes)
    
35. 1x sterile phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.4 (see Recipes)
    
36. MSC freezing mixture (see Recipes)
    

*Note: This item can be ordered from any standard company.

Equipment

1. Laminar flow hood* (EuroClone, model: S@feflow^TM 0.9 , catalog number: LD80000)
   
2. Surgical tools including scalpel holder, forceps (large and small), pointed scissors
   
3. Incubator (BINDER, model: C 150 CO₂ Incubator, catalog number: 9040-0078 )
   
4. Centrifuge 5810 R (Eppendorf, model: 5810 R , catalog number: 5811000320)
   
5. Haemocytometer depth 0.1 mm* (Rohem Instruments Private limited, http://www.sciencecorner.co.in/Rohem.php)
   
6. Mr. Frosty^TM Freezing Container (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 5100-0001 )
   
7. -20 °C freezer* (Celfrost, model: BSF 150 )
   
8. -86 °C Upright Ultra-Low Temperature Freezer (Revco value, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: ULT-1386-3 )
   
9. Liquid nitrogen tank (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: Model 8031 )
   
10. Flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, BD FACSCalibur^TM)
    
11. Inverted microscope* (Nikon Instruments, model: Eclipse TS100 )
    
12. Refrigerator* (SAMSUNG, model: RT31 , 2007)
    
13. 2-20 μl single channel variable pipette* (Eppendorf, model: Research^® plus , catalog number: 3120000038)
    
14. 20-200 μl single channel variable pipette* (Eppendorf, model: Research^® plus , catalog number: 3120000054)
    
15. 100-1,000 μl single channel variable pipette* (Eppendorf, model: Research^® plus , catalog number: 3120000062)
    
16. Autoclave*(Tuttnauer, model: 3850 ML )
    

*Note: This item can be ordered from any standard company.

Software

1. BD Cell Quest pro

Procedure

1. Isolation of WJ-MSCs
   To isolate mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly of human umbilical cord, use the explants culture method.
   1. Collect fresh human umbilical cord after full-term birth (normal or cesarean) with informed consent (Figure 1) and transport it to the lab in an empty sterile 50 ml centrifuge tube on ice.
      
      
      Figure 1. Fresh umbilical cord after collection
      
      
   2. Rinse off the blood and blood clots using normal saline. Cut the cord into 2-3 cm pieces (Figure 2) and incubate the pieces in normal saline containing 1x antibiotic-antimycotic (100 U/ml of penicillin, 100 μg/ml of streptomycin and 250 ng/ml of amphotericin B) at 4 °C for about 2 h.
      Note: This incubation step in saline containing antibiotic-antimycotic is carried out mainly to disinfect the umbilical cord tissue.
      
      
      Figure 2. The umbilical cord cut into 2-3 cm long pieces
      
      
   3. After 2 h, inside the laminar flow tissue culture hood, rinse the cord pieces three times with sterile PBS (Video 1).
      
      
      
      Video 1. Rinsing umbilical cord pieces with 70% ethanol and PBS
      
      
   4. Next disinfect the cord pieces briefly by rinsing with 70% ethanol for 30 sec. Wash thoroughly three more times with PBS to remove any traces of ethanol (Video 1).
      
   5. Transfer one cord piece into an empty 10 cm cell culture dish, while the tube containing the other pieces can be stored on ice. Using forceps try to straighten the twists, if any, in the cord piece and using a scalpel fixed to a scalpel holder make a longitudinal slit along the length (Video 2).
      
      
      
      Video 2. Removal of artery from umbilical cord piece
      
      
   6. There are two arteries and one vein inside the cord. Cut open flaps of tissue to expose an artery and then trace the artery using scissors and forceps and remove it. The underlying perivascular Wharton’s jelly tissue can now be neatly excised (Video 2).
      
   7. Chop the excised tissue into smaller 3-5 mm pieces with the help of the scalpel and place in an empty 35 mm tissue culture dish using a fine forceps (Video 3).
      
      
      
      Video 3. Plating small explants of WJ portion of human umbilical cord
      
      
   8. Allow the cord pieces to attach for about 5 min with air drying. Next add 2 ml of warm fresh MSC isolation medium carefully, drop-wise and gently, taking care not to dislodge the tissue pieces (Video 3).
      
   9. Place about 10-15 explants in each 35 mm tissue culture dish and use about four to five 35 mm tissue culture dishes per umbilical cord sample.
      
   10. Place the tissue culture dishes containing the cord explants in a CO₂ incubator maintaining 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
       Note: Discard the remaining tissue pieces in a biohazard waste bag. All the liquid waste should be collected in a beaker containing sodium hypochlorite solution and discarded appropriately.
       
   11. After 48 h, give the first medium change with 2 ml of warm fresh MSC isolation medium. Following this, media changes are given with 2 ml of fresh MSC isolation medium every 72 h.
       
   12. After about 7-10 days, once enough cells have come out from the explants (Figure 3), remove the cord pieces using 1 ml blunt-end tips and add 2 ml of warm fresh MSC isolation medium.
       
       
       Figure 3. Phase contrast image of MSCs emerging from an umbilical cord tissue piece explant
       
       
2. Establishment of MSC culture
   1. After 24-48 h of cord piece removal and depending on confluency, carefully aspirate medium and wash cells twice with DPBS.
      Note: As the cells are growing out in patches from the explants at this stage, within each patch cells should be ~50-80% confluent.
      
   2. Add 250 µl of TrypLE to each 35 mm tissue culture dish and let the cells detach for 4-6 min at 37 °C.
      Note: Trypsin can be used as a substitute for TrypLE. TrypLE is an animal origin-free recombinant enzyme which is gentle on stem cells, thus preserving well cell’s surface proteins.
      
   3. Add 1 ml of warm fresh MSC growth medium to the cells and transfer them to a 15 ml centrifuge tube and centrifuge at room temperature for 2 min at 500 x g.
      
   4. Aspirate medium, add 500 µl of warm fresh MSC growth medium to the cell pellet and suspend the pellet. Mix a small aliquot of cell suspension with an equal volume of trypan blue, and count the live (non-blue) cells using a hemocytometer.
      
   5. As a next step, seed WJ-MSCs at a density of 5,000 cells/cm² in 2 ml of warm fresh MSC growth medium in a 35 mm tissue culture dish or any appropriate cell culture vessel.
      
   6. Culture them for 72 h or till cells are 70-80% confluent. No medium change required in between.
      
   7. Detach cells with TrypLE, count and seed for the next passage, repeating Steps B2-B6.
      
   Note: TrypLE, MSC growth medium and DPBS need to be pre-warmed to 37 °C before start of trypsinization or detachment of cells.
   
   

3. Freezing and reviving of WJ-MSCs
   1. Once the WJ-MSCs are 70-80% confluent, detach with 250 µl TrypLE as per Step B2.
      
   2. Add 1 ml of warm fresh MSC growth medium to the cells and transfer them to a 15 ml centrifuge tube. Take an aliquot for counting and centrifuge the remaining cells at 500 x g for 2 min at room temperature.
      
   3. Aspirate supernatant and suspend the cells directly in freezing medium at ~2 x 10⁶ cells/ml.
      
   4. Aliquot 150-200 µl cell suspension into cryogenic vials and transfer the cryogenic vials to a Mr. Frosty^TM freezing container containing isopropanol.
      
   5. Place the Mr. Frosty^TM freezing container at -80 °C freezer for ~24 h before transferring the cryogenic vials to a liquid nitrogen tank for long-term storage.
      
   6. For revival, remove a cryogenic vial with frozen WJ-MSCs from the liquid nitrogen tank and immediately transfer it to a beaker containing water at 37 °C.
      
   7. Once the cell suspension has thawed, inside the laminar flow hood add 1 ml of warm fresh MSC growth medium to the cell suspension in the cryogenic vial and transfer the contents to a 15 ml centrifuge tube containing 3-4 ml of additional warm fresh MSC growth medium.
      
   8. Centrifuge the cells at room temperature at 500 x g for 2-3 min to wash off the DMSO.
      
   9. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 0.5 ml of fresh warm MSC growth medium. Mix well by pipetting, count the live cells and plate up to 2-3 x 10⁵ cells on a 35 mm tissue culture plate in 2 ml of warm fresh MSC growth medium.
      Note: During thawing and revival of MSCs, cells are plated at a higher density in order to maximize recovery.
      
   10. Transfer the dish to a CO₂ incubator and replace medium with 2 ml of warm fresh MSC growth medium the next day.
       
   11. After 48 h of reviving and plating, detach cells with TrypLE and seed for the next passage.
   
   
4. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry
   1. Take WJ-MSCs at passage 4-5. Detach them with TrypLE and count the cell number as per Steps B2-B4.
      
   2. Wash the harvested cells 1-2 times with ice cold PBS by centrifuging at 600 x g for 2 min.
      
   3. Discard the supernatant and suspend cells in PBS at 2 x 10⁶ cells/ml.
      
   4. Distribute 1 x 10⁵ cells or 50 µl of cell suspension in each of the pre-labeled 5 ml FACS tubes.
      
   5. Add the PE or FITC labeled antibodies as per Table 1 and incubate on ice for 45-60 min. Mouse isotype antibodies can serve as controls (Figure 4).
      
      
      Figure 4. Immunophenotyping of WJ-MSCs as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. Open histograms represent background signal while shaded histograms indicate positive reactivity with the indicated antibodies. WJ-MSCs are positive for CD73 (A), CD90 (B) and CD 105 (C), and negative for CD34 (D).
      

Data analysis

WJ-MSCs, isolated from human umbilical cord, are analysed for surface marker expression profile at passage 4-6. At least 10,000 events are acquired on BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer and results are analyzed using BD Cell Quest Pro software. Cultured MSCs are known to be strongly positive for the expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105 and negative for the expression of CD34, CD45, HLADR etc. All analyses are standardized against control cells incubated with PE-conjugated mouse IgG isotype antibody. Representative data from one WJ-MSC culture at passage 5 is presented in this protocol. However, similar results have been obtained from multiple independent WJ-MSC cultures (Himal et al., 2017).

Notes

1. For MSC isolations, cords are usually collected from healthy donors.
   
2. After collection, umbilical cords should be transported to the laboratory and processed as soon as possible, preferably within one hour.
   
3. Depending on cord sample, WJ-MSCs might take 6-14 days to come out from the cord pieces.
   
4. Pre-warm medium to 37 °C and add only the warm medium to the cells.
   
5. All plasticwares like microcentrifuge tubes and pipet tips, and surgical instruments were sterilized by autoclaving before use in cell culture.
   
6. Cell concentration can be calculated using a hemocytometer as, the total number of live (non-blue) cells in the four corner squares/4 x dilution factor x 10,000 = No. cells/ml.
   

Recipes

1. MSC isolation medium
   DMEM KO
   2 mM glutamine
   1x antibiotic-antimycotic
   10% MSC FBS
   Sterilize by filtration through a 0.22 μm syringe filter
   Store at 4 °C, use within 2 weeks
   
2. MSC growth medium
   DMEM KO
   2 mM glutamine
   1x penicillin-streptomycin
   10% FBS
   Sterilize by filtration through a 0.22 μm syringe filter
   Store at 4 °C, use within 2 weeks
   
3. 1x sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4
   Dissolve two tablets of PBS in 400 ml of distilled water
   Sterilize by autoclaving
   Store at 4 °C. Use within 1 month
   
4. MSC freezing mixture
   90% FBS
   10% DMSO
   Sterilize by filtration through a 0.22 μm syringe filter
   Store at 4 °C. Use within 2 weeks
   

Acknowledgments

This work has been financially supported by IISER-Kolkata and SERB, DST, India. We thank CSIR, India for the fellowship of Mr. Umesh Goyal. We thank Mr. Pritam Saha and Mr. Tamal Ghosh for their assistance with cell culture facility maintenance and flow cytometry data analysis, respectively. And we are thankful to Dr. Jayanta Chatterjee, Aastha, Kalyani, for generously providing us with human umbilical cord samples. This protocol has been adapted from our previous protocol (Venugopal et al., 2011). The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

References

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2. Caplan, A. I. and Correa, D. (2011). The MSC: an injury drugstore. Cell Stem Cell 9(1): 11-15.
   
3. Caplan, A. I. and Sorrell, J. M. (2015). The MSC curtain that stops the immune system. Immunol Lett 168(2): 136-139.
   
4. El Omar, R., Beroud, J., Stoltz, J. F., Menu, P., Velot, E. and Decot, V. (2014). Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: the new gold standard for mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies? Tissue Eng Part B Rev 20(5): 523-544.
   
5. Hass, R., Kasper, C., Bohm, S. and Jacobs, R. (2011). Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): A comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC. Cell Commun Signal 9: 12.
   
6. Himal I., Goyal, U. and Ta, M. (2017). Evaluating wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell’s survival, migration, and expression of wound repair markers under conditions of ischemia-like stress. Stem Cells Int 2017: 5259849.
   
7. Kwon, A., Kim, Y., Kim, M., Kim, J., Choi, H., Jekarl, D. W., Lee, S., Kim, J. M., Shin, J. C. and Park, I. Y. (2016). Tissue-specific differentiation potency of mesenchymal stromal cells from perinatal tissues. Sci Rep 6: 23544.
   
8. Liu, C. B., Huang, H., Sun, P., Ma, S. Z., Liu, A. H., Xue, J., Fu, J. H., Liang, Y. Q., Liu, B., Wu, D. Y., Lu, S. H. and Zhang, X. Z. (2016). Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells improve left ventricular function, perfusion, and remodeling in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Stem Cells Transl Med 5(8): 1004-1013.
   
9. Nekanti, U., Rao, V. B., Bahirvani, A. G., Jan, M., Totey, S. and Ta, M. (2010). Long-term expansion and pluripotent marker array analysis of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 19(1): 117-130.
   
10. Troyer, D. L. and Weiss, M. L. (2008). Wharton’s jelly-derived cells are a primitive stromal cell population. Stem Cells 26(3): 591-599.
    
11. Venugopal, P., Balasubramanian, S., Majumdar, A. S. and Ta, M. (2011). Isolation, characterization, and gene expression analysis of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells under xeno-free culture conditions. Stem Cells Cloning 4: 39-50.
    
12. Zhang, Y. C., Liu, W., Fu, B. S., Wang, G. Y., Li, H. B., Yi, H. M., Jiang, N., Wang, G., Zhang, J., Yi, S. H., Li, H., Zhang, Q., Yang, Y. and Chen, G. H. (2017). Therapeutic potentials of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for ischemic-type biliary lesions following liver transplantation. Cytotherapy 19(2): 194-199.