Mouse Satellite Cell Isolation and Transplantation

Materials and Reagents

1. 0.2 µm microfilters (VWR, catalog number: 28145-475 )
   
2. Disposable sterile plastics:
   1. 15 ml conical tubes
      
   2. 100 mm Petri dishes
      
   3. 10 ml conical tubes
      
   4. 5 ml serological pipettes
      
   5. 10 ml serological pipettes
      
   6. 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes
      
   7. 20 to 1,000 µl pipette tips
      
   8. 10 ml plastic syringes (Terumo Medical, catalog number: SS-10L )
      
3. Surgical blades (Moretti S.p.a.–Chimo)
   
4. 40 µm cell-strainer (Corning, catalog number: 431750 )
   
5. Adhesion microscope slides Superfrost Ultraplus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: J3800AMNZ )
   
6. 22 x 22 mm slide cover glasses (Bio-Optica, catalog number: 09-02222 )
   
7. Feather microtome C35 blades (PFM Medical, catalog number: 207500003 )
   
8. Blotting paper for general purpose
   
9. 10 week-old C57BL/6-Tg(CAG-EGFP)131Osb/LeySopJ mice (GFP mice), as donor mice (THE JACKSON LABORATORY, catalog number: 006567 )
   
10. 4 month-old C57BL/6J, as recipient mice (THE JACKSON LABORATORY, catalog number: 000664 )
    
11. Isofluorane (Isofluorane-vet, Merial Italia, catalog number: 00018152 )
    
12. Ethanol (Honeywell International, catalog number: 458600 )
    
13. Liquid nitrogen
    
14. Cryostat embedding medium, Killik (Bio-Optica, catalog number: 05-9801 )
    
15. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A2153 )
    
16. Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T9284 )
    
17. Rabbit anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen, catalog number: A-11122 )
    
18. Donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen, catalog number: A-21206 )
    
19. 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: D1306 )
    
20. Slow-fade, glycerol-based mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: S36936 )
    
21. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P6148 )
    
22. Sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S0389 )
    
23. Cardiotoxin (CTX) from Naja pallida (Latoxan, catalog number: L8102 )
    
24. 0.9% NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S8776 )
    
25. Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S3014 )
    
26. Potassium chloride (KCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P9333 )
    
27. Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 255793 )
    
28. Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P5655 )
    
29. Pronase from Streptomyces griseus (Sigma-Aldrich, Roche Diagnostics, catalog number: 10165921001 )
    
30. DMEM–Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, high glucose (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 11965092 ) supplemented (for all procedures) with antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A5955 )
    
31. Donor horse serum (HS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 16050130 )
    
32. Fetal bovine serum, FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 10270 )
    
33. 2-Methylbutane (AKA Isopentane) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 277258 )
    
34. Ethanol working solution (see Recipes)
    
35. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) working solution (see Recipes)
    
36. Sucrose working solutions (see Recipes)
    
37. Cardiotoxin (CTX) 50 µM stock solution (see Recipes)
    
38. Sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (see Recipes)
    
39. 0.1% (1 mg/ml) pronase solution in serum-free DMEM (see Recipes)
    
40. Media (see Recipes)
    1. 10% HS in DMEM
       
    2. 20% FBS in DMEM
       

Equipment

1. 20 to 1,000 µl precision micropipettes
   
2. Pipet controller
   
3. Gas anesthesia systems: Isofluorane vaporizer, oxygen concentrator, flowmeter, induction chamber and gas mask (2B–2biological Instruments)
   
4. Tissue culture laminar flow hood
   
5. Surgical instruments:
   1. Fine scissors tungsten carbide straight 11.5 cm (Fine Science Tools, catalog number: 14568-12 )
      
   2. Fine scissors straight 10.5 cm (Fine Science Tools, catalog number: 14060-10 )
      
   3. Graefe forceps curved serrated (Fine Science Tools, catalog number: 11051-10 )
      
6. Hamilton repeating dispenser, composed by the assembly of the three components shown in Figure 1:
   1. Hypodermic needle G30, 0.30 x 12.7 mm (PIC solution, catalog number: 03070300300.800 )
      
   2. Hamilton 50 μl 1705 LT syringe (Hamilton, catalog number: 80901 )
      
   3. PB600-1 repeating dispenser (Hamilton, catalog number: 83700 )
      
7. 37 °C orbital shaker
   
8. Centrifuge (we used a Beckman Coulter, model: Allegra X-22R centrifuge with SX4250 (Beckman Coulter, model: SX4250 ) and F2402H (Beckman Coulter, model: F2402H ) rotors for 15 ml and microcentrifuge tubes, respectively)
   
9. Incubator for cell culture
   
10. Hemocytometer chamber (Burker chamber or similar)
    
11. Pannoramic Midi II automatic digital slide scanner (3DHISTECH, model: Pannoramic MIDI II )
    
12. Fluorescence microscope/fluorescence slide scanner
    
13. Confocal microscope (we used the Leica Microsystems, model: Leica TCS SP2 )
    
14. Analytical balance
    
15. Cryostat (we used the Leica Microsystems, model: Leica CM1850 UV )
    
16. Autoclave
    
    
    Figure 1. Components to assemble a Hamilton repeating dispenser: hypodermic needle (A), Hamilton syringe (B), and repeating dispenser (C)
    

Software

1. Image processing software such as ImageJ (https://imagej.net/)
   
2. SPSS v17.0 software for Windows (SPSS; Chicago, IL)
   

Procedure

Note: All the procedures have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Piemonte Orientale (Italy).

1. Day -1: Damage induction in recipient muscles (Video 1)
   
   
   
   Video 1. Preparation of the recipient muscle. After removing the hairs from the front of the limb, cardiotoxin (CTX) is injected in the mid-belly region of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the anesthetized mouse using a Hamilton repeating dispenser.
   
   
   1. Under sterile conditions, prepare 10 µM CTX from 50 µM stock solution in physiological solution (0.9% NaCl) and store on ice (see Recipes).
      
   2. Anesthetize the recipient mouse through isofluorane inhalation.
      
   3. Shave the hindlimbs by tearing off the hair with a pair of scissors to expose the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (injection site) and clean the shaved skin with 70% ethanol (Video 1).
      
   4. Fill the Hamilton repeating dispenser (see Equipment for details) with CTX and inject it in 10 different sites (3 µl each) in the tibialis anterior mid-belly region (total volume injected: 30 µl) as shown in Video 1. The optimal positioning of injection sites is shown in Figure 2. After each CTX injection, leave the needle inside the muscle for at least 5 sec to avoid any leakage from the injection site. Special care should be taken when injecting in TA to avoid injecting beyond the thickness of the muscle.
      
   5. Clean again the shaved skin with 70% ethanol.
      
   6. Place back the mouse in its cage.
      
      
      Figure 2. Optimal positioning of the 10 CTX injection sites (white dots) in the TA muscle
      
      
2. Day 0: Satellite cell isolation and transplantation (Videos 2 and 3)
   
   
   
   Video 2. Collection of muscles for SC isolation. After skin removal, hindlimb muscles and diaphragm are harvested from the GFP donor mouse and collected in pre-warmed serum-free DMEM.
   
   
   
   Video 3. Processing of muscles for SC isolation. An example of tendon removal (Achilles tendon removal from the gastrocnemius) and muscle processing for an optimal yield of SC isolation.
   
   The following steps describe the procedure to isolate SCs from a single donor mouse. The number of SCs obtained from a single donor is approximately 600,000 and is sufficient to transplant 5-6 mice.
   1. Pre-warm 10 ml serum-free DMEM and 10 ml PBS (see Recipes).
      
   2. Freshly prepare 3 ml 0.1% pronase solution in serum-free DMEM (see Recipes); under a biological hood, filter the pronase solution with a 0.2 µm microfilter in a 15 ml conical tube. For multiple preparations (i.e., SC isolation from multiple animals), use a separate tube for each animal to allow an optimal dissociation.
      
   3. Anesthetize a 10-week-old male GFP mouse through isofluorane inhalation and sacrifice by cervical dislocation.
      
   4. Soak the mouse for 2 min in 70% ethanol.
      
   Note: Perform the next steps under a biological hood.
   
   5. Fix the mouse to a support (e.g., with needles to a polystyrene box lid) and, with sterile surgical instruments (forceps and scissors), harvest the following muscles from both hindlimbs: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus, and diaphragm (see Video 2 for details). Place the harvested muscles immediately in a 100 mm dish containing 10 ml of pre-warmed serum-free DMEM. Pre-wash the diaphragm in sterile PBS to remove the excess of blood and clots before adding it to the DMEM-containing dish.
      Note: During this step, it is required to remove the deep fascia (connective tissue that surrounds the muscles, shown in Figure 3) from each muscle to reduce fibroblast content during satellite cell isolation.
      
      
      Figure 3. Removal of the deep fascia. The arrows indicate the sheet of connective tissue surrounding the muscle.
      
      
   6. Place the muscles in a dish-cover (without medium) and remove tendons by using a sterile surgical blade (in Video 3, removal of gastrocnemius tendon in detail).
      
   7. Cut the processed muscles with a new sterile surgical blade into small pieces (about 1 mm³). During this step, add some drops of serum-free DMEM to prevent muscle from drying.
      
   8. Transfer the pieces of muscle into the tube containing the filtered 0.1% pronase solution. Place the tube on an orbital shaker at 37 °C for 60 min at 60 rpm.
      
   9. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min at RT to collect and discard the supernatant without disturbing the pellet.
      
   10. Perform two cycles of mechanical trituration, which allows satellite cell release from the bulk in solution, as follows:
       1. Add 5 ml of pre-warmed 10% HS DMEM and disrupt the bulk by passing it several times (20-25) through a 10 ml serological pipette; leave the biggest fragments to settle on the bottom (for about 30 sec) and then carefully transfer the supernatant, containing the released cells, into a new 50 ml conical tube.
          
       2. Resuspend the remaining bulk of point (a) in 5 ml 10% HS DMEM and repeat the previous procedure in (Step B10a) by using a 5 ml (instead of 10 ml) serological pipette. Transfer the supernatant, containing the released cells, into the same 50 ml conical tube of point (Step B10a).
          
   11. Filter the pooled supernatant (10 ml) through a 40 µm cell-strainer into a new 50 ml conical tube. Add additional 5 ml of 10% HS DMEM to increase the yield of isolated cells.
       
   12. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 400 x g for 10 min at RT. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet (isolated cells) with 10 ml of 20% FBS DMEM.
       
   13. Plate the resuspended cells in a 100 mm Petri dish and leave it undisturbed in the incubator (5% CO₂, 37 °C) for 90 min. This pre-plating step allows fibroblast removal and satellite cell enrichment (fibroblasts will adhere to the Petri dish, while satellite cells will float in the medium).
       
   14. Collect the supernatant in a 15 ml conical tube and centrifuge it at 400 x g for 10 min at RT.
       
   15. Discard the supernatant without disturbing the pellet and resuspend the cells in 1 ml of 20% FBS DMEM, then transfer the cell suspension into a sterile 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
       
   16. Count the round-shaped cells with a hemocytometer chamber or similar, excluding erythrocytes and debris.
       
   17. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min at RT the 1.5 ml tube in a microcentrifuge, then discard the supernatant and carefully resuspend the cells in serum-free DMEM to a concentration of 4 x 10⁶ cells/ml (i.e., 100,000 cells/25 µl) (Notes 1 and 2).
       
   18. Anesthetize recipient mice (as in Steps A2) and clean the region to be injected with 70% ethanol.
       
   19. Thoroughly mix the cell suspension and load the Hamilton repeating dispenser by removing any air bubble. Inject a total number of 100,000 cells (25 µl) in 5 different sites (5 µl each) in the mid-belly region of the pre-injured TA. The optimal positioning of injection sites is shown in Figure 4. Injections are performed as described in Video 1. After each injection of 5 µl cell suspension, leave the needle inside the muscle at the injection site for at least 5 sec. Clean the injected site with 70% ethanol.
       
   20. Place back the mouse in its cage.
       
       
       Figure 4. Optimal positioning of injection sites for GFP-SCs. Yellow dots indicate the 5 injection sites in pre-injured TA muscle.
       
       
3. Day 30: Muscle harvesting and histological analysis
   1. For each muscle, prepare 500 µl 4% paraformaldehyde solution in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
      
   2. Anesthetize the recipient mouse through isofluorane inhalation and sacrifice it by cervical dislocation.
      
   3. Fix the mouse (e.g., with needles to a polystyrene box lid) and harvest the transplanted TA muscle. Immerse the harvested muscle in 4% paraformaldehyde solution and leave it at 4 °C for 120 min to fix it.
      Note: This step is essential to avoid the solubilization (and loss) of GFP during the optional immunofluorescence procedure.
      
   4. Transfer the fixed muscle into a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube containing 500 µl of 15% sucrose solution. Leave overnight at 4 °C to dehydrate the tissue.
      
   5. Continue muscle dehydration by transferring the muscle into a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube containing 500 µl of 30% sucrose solution. Leave for 48 h at 4 °C.
      
   6. Carefully remove the muscle from the 30% sucrose solution, gently dab it on blotting paper, freeze it in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane, and store at -80 °C.
      
   7. Cut with a cryostat the frozen muscle in the mid-belly region (transplantation site) to obtain 7 µm-thick slices and assess the GFP-positive myofiber content through extemporaneous analysis under the fluorescent microscope.

Note: To increase the GFP signal, or if needed to co-investigate the expression of other proteins, proceed with the following immunofluorescence procedure.

4. Immunofluorescence
   1. Post-fix the slices with 300 μl 4% paraformaldehyde on ice for 10 min.
      
   2. Wash 2 x 2 min with 300 μl PBS at RT.
      
   3. Permeabilize 1 x 5 min and 1 x 15 min with 300 μl 1% BSA-0.2% Triton X-100.
      
   4. Block with 300 μl 4% BSA for 30 min.
      
   5. Incubate for 2 h at RT (or overnight at 4 °C) with anti-GFP primary antibody diluted 1:500 in 100 μl 4% BSA.
      
   6. Wash 2 x 5 min and 2 x 15 min with 300 μl 1% BSA-0.2% Triton X-100.
      
   7. Incubate for 45 min with anti-rabbit secondary antibody diluted 1:400 in 100 μl 4% BSA.
      
   8. Wash 2 x 5 min and 2 x 15 min with 300 μl 0.2% Triton X-100.
      
   9. If identification of nuclei is needed, incubate for 5 min with 0.2 µg/ml DAPI in 300 μl PBS.
      
   10. Wash 2 x with 300 μl PBS for 2 min at RT.
       
   11. Mount the slices with a drop (~10 μl) of glycerol-based mounting medium.
       
   12. Acquire the images for the analysis (Figure 5). The whole muscle slice should be acquired, for example by using an instrument such as the Pannoramic Midi II (3DHISTECH).
       
       
       Figure 5. Representative image of GFP+ fibers derived from transplanted GFP+ SCs. Image obtained with the Leica SP2 confocal microscope of a tibialis anterior transversal section of a recipient mouse 30 days after transplantation of SCs from a GFP donor mouse. The slice has been stained with the anti-GFP primary and 488-conjugated secondary antibodies to amplify the GFP signal, following Procedure D.
       
   
   The evaluation of transplantation efficacy among different experimental conditions (such as the comparative analysis between wild-type and transgenic or knockout recipient mice) requires a quantification of the number of the GFP-positive myofibers in the whole muscle slice. A myofiber is scored as ‘GFP-positive’ when the fluorescent intensity significantly differs from the background. A considerable variability in GFP intensity is expected, depending on the number of GFP-positive SCs fused to the fiber. For an unbiased quantification and to increase data reproducibility, use an image processing software such as ImageJ (https://imagej.net/) as follows:
   1. Open ImageJ software;
      
   2. Open the image to be analyzed (File > Open);
      
   3. Set the background completely under the threshold (Image > Adjust > Threshold; Figure 6)
      
      
      Figure 6. GFP-positive fibers quantification with ImageJ. The original fluorescence image (upper panel) is processed by setting a threshold limit, clearly defining a black background and the GFP-positive myofibers displayed in red (lower panel).
      
   
   Apply the same setting for all the images in the different experimental groups and quantify the number of GFP-positive myofibers (i.e., myofibers with a fluorescence intensity higher than the threshold).
   In Figures 1F and 1G of the original paper (Reano et al., 2017), the results refer to the SC transplantation from 3 GFP donor mice in 11 C57BL/6J wild-type recipient mice (Mean number of GFP-positive myofibers = 39.45; standard deviation = 22.15; standard error = 7.00).
   

Data analysis

To compare two data sets, as in Reano et al., 2017, in which we assessed the effect of high levels of unacylated ghrelin in SC engraftment, we performed Mann U Whitney test with the SPSS v17.0 software for Windows (SPSS; Chicago, IL). Statistical significance was assumed for P < 0.05.

Notes

1. Each recipient muscle will be injected with 100,000 cells in a volume of 25 µl, but a total volume of 75 µl should be considered because of the Hamilton repeating dispenser dead volume.
   
2. Usually, the number of satellite cells obtained from a single donor mouse is approximately 600,000.
   

Recipes

1. Ethanol working solution
   70% v/v ethanol in deionized water
   
2. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) working solution
   4% w/v PFA in PBS
   
3. Sucrose working solutions
   15% or 30% w/v sucrose in deionized water
   
4. Cardiotoxin (CTX) 50 µM stock solution
   Dissolve 1 mg of CTX in 2.94 ml 0.9% NaCl
   Aliquot and store at -20 °C
   Avoid freeze-thaw cycles
   Note: Prepare the 10 µM working solution (in 0.9% NaCl) just before use.
   
5. Sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
   137 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)
   2.7 mM potassium chloride (KCl)
   10 mM sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate (Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O)
   1.8 mM potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄)
   To prepare 1 L of PBS, dissolve 8 g NaCl, 200 mg KCl, 1.15 g Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O, and 240 mg KH₂PO₄ in ultrapure water and adjust the pH to 7.4; sterilize the solution by autoclaving
   
6. 0.1% (1 mg/ml) pronase solution in serum-free DMEM
   The volume required is 3 ml for each donor GFP mouse (3 mg of pronase powder); however, we recommend to weigh 10 mg of powder in 1 ml (1% pronase solution), then dilute it tenfold to make the 0.1% pronase working solution. Filter the pronase solution with a 0.2 µm microfilter in sterile conditions
   
7. Media
   Supplement 495 ml of DMEM with 5 ml of antibiotic-antimycotic solution
   To prepare 15 ml of 10% HS in DMEM: add 1.5 ml of HS to 13.5 ml of DMEM supplemented with antibiotic-antimycotic; store at 4 °C; pre-warm before use
   To prepare 15 ml of 20% FBS in DMEM: add 3 ml of FBS to 12 ml of DMEM supplemented with antibiotic-antimycotic; store at 4 °C; pre-warm before use
   

Acknowledgments

The satellite cell isolation procedure has been adapted from Danoviz et al., 2012 and Musarò et al., 2010; the SC transplantation procedure was adapted from Liu et al., 2012.
This study was supported by research grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association (grant No. MDA294617 to NF and AG) and Fondazione Cariplo (2015-0634 to NF).
AG is a consultant to Helsinn (Lugano, Switzerland); NF is a consultant to Lyric Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, CA, US).
Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests.

References

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2. Danoviz, M. E. and Yablonka-Reuveni, Z. (2012). Skeletal muscle satellite cells: background and methods for isolation and analysis in a primary culture system. Methods Mol Biol 798: 21-52.
   
3. Liu, W., Wen, Y., Bi, P., Lai, X., Liu, X. S., Liu, X. and Kuang, S. (2012). Hypoxia promotes satellite cell self-renewal and enhances the efficiency of myoblast transplantation. Development 139(16): 2857-2865.
   
4. Mauro, A. (1961). Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9: 493-495.
   
5. Musarò, A. and Barberi, L. (2010). Isolation and culture of mouse satellite cells. Methods Mol Biol 633: 101-111.
   
6. Partridge, T. (2002). Myoblast transplantation. Neuromuscul Disord 12 Suppl 1: S3-6.
   
7. Partridge, T. A., Grounds, M. and Sloper, J. C. (1978). Evidence of fusion between host and donor myoblasts in skeletal muscle grafts. Nature 273: 306-308.
   
8. Reano, S., Angelino, E., Ferrara, M., Malacarne, V., Sustova, H., Sabry, O., Agosti, E., Clerici, S., Ruozi, G., Zentilin, L., Prodam, F., Geuna, S., Giacca, M., Graziani, A. and Filigheddu, N. (2017). Unacylated ghrelin enhances satellite cell function and relieves the dystrophic phenotype in duchenne muscular dystrophy mdx model. Stem Cells 35(7): 1733-1746.