Inoculation of Rice with Different Pathogens: Sheath Blight (Rhizoctonia solani), Damping off Disease (Pythium graminicola) and Barley Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei)

Materials and Reagents

1. Square Petri dishes, (120 x 120) x 17 with vents (Greiner Bio One, catalog number: 688102 )
   
2. Round Petri dishes, 94 x 16 with vents (Greiner Bio One, catalog number: 633180 )
   
3. Filter paper, e.g., Rotilabo-round filters, type 113A, 125 mm (Carl Roth, Germany)
   
4. 50 ml tubes (Cellstar tubes) (Greiner Bio One, Germany)
   
5. Surgical 3M Micropore tape (3M Deutschland, Germany)
   
6. Aluminum foil
   
7. Cover glass
   
8. Removable adhesive labels, e.g., multipurpose labels (Avery Zweckform, Germany)
   
9. Rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica), transgenic plants and respective wild type
   Note: Cultivar Nipponbare used in this study was kindly provided by the Center de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement (CIRAD, Montpellier, France).
   
10. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) susceptible to Bgh.
    Note: Cultivar Ingrid used in this study was kindly provided by Paul Schulze Lefert (Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany).
    
11. Rhizoctonia solani.
    Note: The isolate NL84 used in this study was kindly provided by Monica Höfte (Ghent University, Gent, Belgium).
    
12. Pythium graminicola.
    Note: The isolate 132 used in this study was kindly provided by Monica Höfte (Ghent University, Gent, Belgium).
    
13. Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei.
    Note: In this study race K1 (Hinze et al., 1991) was used, which was kindly provided by Paul Schulze-Lefert (Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany).
    
14. Potato extract glucose agar (PDA) (Carl Roth, Germany)
    
15. Distilled water
    
16. Gamborg B5 medium including vitamins (Duchefa Biochemie, catalog number: G0210.0025 )
17. Agar-Agar, Kobe I (Carl Roth, Germany)
    
18. Sodium hypochlorite (or commercially available bleach water, ‘Eau de Javel’)
    

Equipment

1. Scissor, scalpel
   
2. Plant growth chamber for rice cultivation (settings: 15 h light/9 h dark period, 24 °C, 75-80% humidity)
   
3. Plant growth cabinet for constant Bgh propagation on barley (settings:16 h light/8 h dark period, 18 °C, 65% humidity)
   
4. Incubator for maintenance of fungal cultures (22 °C, constant darkness)
   
5. Horizontal shaker
   
6. Thoma cell counting chamber (Marienfeld, Germany)
   
7. Light microscope (ca. 150x magnification)
   
8. Trays for Bgh inoculation (min. 30 x 15 cm²)
   Note: Area should at least correspond to the magnitude of two-week old rice plants.
   
9. Spore settling tower (e.g., a plastic tent of ca. 1 m height with an inoculation opening at the top, see example in Figure 3C)
   

Procedure

1. Inoculation protocol for Rhizoctonia solani
   
   
   Figure 1. Images of R. solani inoculation. A. Typical R. solani culture on PDA seven days after sub-cultivation. B. Four-week old rice plants with fully expanded fourth leaves. C. Four-week old rice plant with fourth leaf fully expanded (leaf numbers indicated). D. Rice leaves placed on filter paper and inoculated with agar blocks overgrown with R. solani. E. Example of necrotic lesions developing on an inoculated leaf.
   
   
   1. Cultivate R. solani on potato extract glucose agar (PDA) at 22 °C in the dark. For maintenance, transfer agar blocks overgrown with fungal mycelium to fresh PDA plates every two weeks. For inoculation, use a R. solani culture seven days after sub-cultivation (Figure 1A).
      
   2. Grow rice plants for approx. 4 weeks until full expansion of the fourth leaf (Figures 1B and 1C).
      
   3. Prepare square Petri dishes (12 x 12 cm) lined with filter paper. Moisten the filter paper with distilled water.
      
   4. Cut off the upper 10 cm of the fourth leaves of different rice plants and immediately place them on the moist filter paper.
      
   5. Cut small agar blocks (ca. 0.5 x 0.5 cm) overgrown with fungal mycelium from a 7-day old R. solani culture. For inoculation, place one agar block in the middle of each rice leaf (Figure 1D).
      
   6. Incubate the Petri dishes with the inoculated leaves in the plant chamber. Avoid desiccation of the leaves by daily moistening the filter paper with distilled water (Note 1).
      
   7. Observe the development of necrotic lesions (Figure 1E) within four days after inoculation.
      
      
2. Inoculation protocol for Pythium graminicola
   
   
   Figure 2. Images of P. graminicola inoculation. A. Typical P. graminicola culture on PDA seven days after sub-cultivation. B. Rice seedlings on Gamborg B5 medium inoculated with agar blocks overgrown with P. graminicola.
   
   
   1. Cultivate P. graminicola on potato extract glucose agar (PDA) at 22 °C in the dark. For maintenance, transfer agar blocks (ca. 0.5 x 0.5 cm) overgrown with fungal mycelium to fresh PDA plates every two weeks. For inoculation, use P. graminicola cultures seven days after sub-cultivation (Figure 2A).
      
   2. Prepare square Petri dishes (12 x 12 cm) with 1.5 % agar in Gamborg B5 medium.
      
   3. Fill rice seeds in a 50 ml tube and add 4 % sodium hypochlorite for surface-sterilization, shake for 10 min. Subsequently, wash three times with sterile distilled water.
      
   4. Place 3-6 seeds in a line on one Gamborg B5 agar-plate.
      
   5. Seal the plates with 3M micropore tape and protect root growth from light by covering with aluminum foil.
      
   6. Incubate the plates upright in a plant growth chamber (conditions see above) until roots have grown to a length of ca. 1 cm (after approx. 5 days).
      
   7. For inoculation, cut small agar blocks (ca. 0.5 x 0.5 cm) from the marginal zone of a 7 days old P. graminicola culture. Place one agar block between the roots of adjacent plants (Figure 2B). Incubate the plates in a growth chamber as before.
      
   8. Monitor the disease development for 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation.
      
      
3. Inoculation protocol for Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh)
   
   
   Figure 3. Images of Bgh inoculation. A. Two-week old rice plants with second leaves fixed on a tray. B. Barley plants heavily infected with Bgh (with white powdery mildew pustules on primary leaves). C. Example for a settling tower that was used for Bgh inoculation (plants were fixed on a tray which was placed at the bottom of the tower). At the top an opening is visible through which infected barley plants can be introduced into the tower.
   
   
   1. As the fungus is an obligate biotroph, maintainance has to be done on barley plants in a growth cabinet separated from the test plants. Weekly transfer of Bgh onto fresh, one-week old plants is done by shaking off conidiospores from heavily infected barley plants (Figure 3B).
      
   2. Grow rice plants in soil for approx. 2 weeks until full expansion of the second leaf. Use squared plant pots in order to facilitate a stable fixation on the inoculation trays (see step C4).
      
   3. One day before inoculation, remove old Bgh conidiospores from barley plants by shaking (Note 2).
      
   4. For the inoculation of rice, place the plant pots laterally on a tray and fix the second leaf of each plant, adaxial surface up, on the tray by placing 2-3 mm stripes of removable adhesive labels at the tip and the base of each leaf (Note 3, Figure 3A).
      
   5. Place a Thoma cell counting chamber (without cover glass) beside or between the fixed leaves to monitor the inoculation density.
      
   6. Cover the trays with a settling tower (Figure 3C).
      
   7. For inoculation, gently transfer leaves or whole plant pots of Bgh-infected barley plants to the opening of the settling tower and release freshly emerged conidiospores into the tower by shaking. Subsequently, wave with a small tray in the air space of the settling tower to cause a turbulent flow and evenly dispense the conidia.
      
   8. Let the conidiospores settle for 30-60 min.
      
   9. Apply a cover glass to the Thoma counting cell and determine the spore density by microscopy. Therefore count the conidiospores in the large central square of each of the two chambers (1 mm² in a standard Thoma chamber) and take the average. Under our laboratory conditions, 1-5 spores mm^-2 may result in distinct, macroscopically observable mildew pustules, while approx. 15-20 spores mm^-2 are recommended for microscopic evaluation. If spore density is too low, return to step C5.
      
   10. Gently remove the adhesive labels from the rice leaves, raise the pots and transfer them to the plant growth chamber.
       
   11. On host plants, first powdery mildew pustules (as shown in Figure 3B) can be observed within the first week after inoculation. Since rice is a nonhost plant for Bgh, evaluation of the infection process has to be done by microscopy.

Data analysis

Analyses of the inoculated plants can be performed by macroscopic or microscopic evaluation (as described in Weidenbach et al., 2016).

Notes

1. Carefully avoid ‘flooding’ of the leaves and fungal inoculum.
   
2. This step insures fresh inoculum, since the old conidiospores, which differ in virulence, are depleted.
   
3. By fixing the position of the leaves on the trays, an even inoculation becomes possible.
   

Acknowledgments

We thank Monika Höfte for providing R. solani and P. graminicola isolates and for her kind advise in respective inoculation methods. All the protocols presented here were used and described in Weidenbach et al. (2016), whose first author was funded in the framework of the BMBF funding activity ‘Plant Biotechnology for the future, PLANT 2030’ within the project ‘BarleyFortress’.

References

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