Mouse Model of Dengue Virus Infection with Serotypes 1 and 2 Clinical Isolates

Materials and Reagents

1. 50 ml centrifuge tubes (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 357550 )
   
2. 0.45 μm membrane filter (Sartorius, Minisart^®, catalog number: 16537 )
   
3. 0.2 μm membrane filter unit for bulk culture (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 567-0020 )
   
4. HiTrap Protein G HP-5 ml (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 170-0405-01 )
   
5. 96-well PCR plate (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: HSP9601 )
   
6. Snakeskin^TM dialysis tubing 10 kDa (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 68100 )
   
7. 30 G insulin syringe (BD, catalog number: 328818 )
   
8. 27 G needle (BD, catalog number: 305109 )
   
9. 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes (Corning, Axygen, catalog number: MCT-150-c )
   
10. Plate cover seal (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: MSB1001 )
    
11. CryoTubes vials for freezing viruses (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 368632 )
    
12. Dengue virus: DENV-2 mouse-adapted S221 strain (Zellweger et al., 2010), DENV-1 clinical isolate (EDEN1: GenBank accession
    EU081230.1) (Low et al., 2006), DENV2 clinical isolate (EDEN2: GenBank accession EU081177.1) (Low et al., 2006)
    
13. Cells of the Aedes albopictus C6/36 line (clone C6/36) (ATCC, catalog number: CRL-1660^TM )
    
14. Cells of the baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21 [C-13]) (ATCC, catalog number: CCL-10^TM )
    
15. Hybridoma cells (D1-4G2-15) (ATCC, catalog number: HB-112^TM )
    
16. Sv/129 mice deficient in type I and II IFN receptors (AG129 mice) (B&K Universal)
    
17. RPMI1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 11875093 )
    
18. Heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 10082147 )
    
19. Liquid nitrogen
    
20. 3.7% formaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: F1635 )
    
21. Crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C3886 )
    Note: This product has been discontinued.
    
22. Protein-Free hybridoma medium (PFHM-II medium) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 12040077 )
    
23. 1x PBS (Lonza, catalog number: 17-516Q )
    
24. Glycine (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G7126 )
    
25. 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25200056 )
    
26. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (EMD Millipore, catalog number: 819040 )
    
27. QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, catalog number: 52906 )
    
28. qScript One-Step qRT-PCR Kit (Quantabio, catalog number: 95057 )
    
29. Methyl-cellulose powder (EMD Millipore, catalog number: 17851 )
    
30. L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25030081 )
    
31. Penicillin and streptomycin (PenStrep) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15140122 )
    
32. 7.5% sodium bicarbonate solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 25080094 )
    
33. 1 M HEPES (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15630080 )
    
34. Ethanol (EtOH) (EMD Millipore, catalog number: 1009832511 )
    
35. RPMI 1640 powder (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 31800022 )
    
36. 1 N HCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 258148 )
    
37. Tris (First BASE Laboratories Sdn Bhd, catalog number: BIO-1400 )
    
38. Primers and probes
    DENV1 forward primer: 5’-ACACCAGGGGCTGTACCTTGG-3’
    DENV1 reverse primer: 5’-CATTCCATTTTCTGGCGTTCT-3’
    DENV1 taqman probe: FAM-5’-CTGTCTCTACAGCATCATTCCAGGCA-3’-TAMRA
    DENV2 forward primer: 5’-CATATTGACGCTGGGAAAGA-3’
    DENV2 reverse primer: 5’-AGAACCTGTTGATTCAAC-3’
    DENV2 taqman probe: FAM-5’-CTGTCTCCTCAGCATCATTCCAGGCA-3’-TAMRA
    
39. Standard for realtime RT-PCR: plasmids containing whole genome sequences of DENV-1 (EDEN1: EU081230.1) or DENV-2 (EDEN2: EU081177.1)
    
40. 0.8% methyl-cellulose medium (see Recipes)
    
41. 1% Crystal violet (see Recipes)
    
42. 0.1 M glycine (pH 2.7) (see Recipes)
    
43. 1 M Tris- HCl (pH 9.0) (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Nunc^TM 175 cm² angled-neck easy flasks (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 159920 )
   
2. Cell scraper (Corning, catalog number: 3010 )
   
3. Incubator (SANYO, model: MIR-262 ) without CO₂ atmosphere at 28 °C
   
4. Humidified incubator (NuAire, model: NU5500 ) with 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37 °C
   
5. Swinging rotor centrifuge (for cells) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Heraeus Multifuge 3S-R )
   
6. Benchtop fixed-angle rotor centrifuge (for serum) (Eppendorf, model: 5424 )
   
7. -80 °C freezer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: Forma 900 Series )
   
8. Autoclave (TOMY DIGITAL BIOLOGY, model: SX-700 )
   
9. AKTApurifier^TM UPC 10 (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 28406268 )
   
10. pH meter (Sartorius, model: pH Basic Series )
    
11. NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: ND-2000 )
    
12. Real-time thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: CFX96 )
    
13. Mouse restrainer (Plas-labs, catalog number: 551-BSRR )
    
14. Olympus inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus, model: IX71 )
    

Software

1. GraphPad Prism software

Procedure

1. Generation of DENV stocks
   Note: A high virus titer of clinical DENV strains is required to induce severe diseases in AG129 mice. The virus titer obtained from C6/36 cells differs among virus strains. Thus, optimization of culture condition such as multiplicity of infection (MOI) of virus inoculum or timing of virus collection is needed to obtain enough virus titer for each virus strain.
   
   1. Maintain C6/36 cells in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin and 25 mM HEPES. Incubate cells at 28 °C under non CO₂ atmosphere condition.
      Note: Growth media supplemented with 20% FBS improves cell growth if C6/36 cells do not proliferate desirably.
      
   2. Grow C6/36 cells in a 175 cm² flask in culture medium until ~90% confluency (see Figure 1).
      
   3. Thaw virus stock and dilute with serum-free RPMI 1640 medium. Discard medium from culture flask and add 5 ml of virus inoculum at MOI of 0.1 (for EDEN1 or S221) or 1 (for EDEN2) into 175 cm² flask.
      Note: At confluency, there are approximately 3 x 107 cells in a T175 flask, hence for an MOI 0.1-1, 3 x 10⁶-3 x 10⁷ pfu are needed (refer to Procedure B on how to determine virus titers).
      
   4. Incubate for 1 h at 28 °C under non CO₂ atmosphere condition.
      
   5. Remove virus inoculum and add 25 ml RPMI 1640 medium (2% FBS) to the 175 cm² flask.
      
   6. Incubate for 4-7 days at 28 °C under non CO₂ atmosphere condition.
      Note: Cytopathic effect is observed depending on virus strain (seen in EDEN2 infection but not in EDEN1 or S221 infection). Check virus titer in the supernatant at different time point to determine the optimal day to obtain high virus titer (refer to Procedure B on how to determine virus titers). Incubation periods are 5 days for EDEN2 and S221, and 7 days for EDEN1.
      
   7. Scrape cells and transfer into a centrifuge tube, then spin down the cells at 1,800 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
      
   8. Collect supernatant and transfer into a fresh tube through a 0.45 μm membrane filter.
      
   9. Aliquot virus into cryotubes and store in a -80 °C freezer or liquid nitrogen until use.
      Note: It is recommended to store virus stock in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
      
      
2. Determination of viral titer by plaque assay
   
   1. Maintain BHK-21 cells in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine and 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37 °C.
      
   2. Seed cells at 2 x 10⁵ cells per well in 500 μl into 24-well plate.
      
   3. Incubate cells overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ incubator to allow cells to adhere.
      Note: Cells become confluent on the following day. Two days incubation after seeding of 7 x 10⁴ cells is also viable.
      
   4. Prepare 10-fold serial dilutions of virus in serum-free RPMI 1640.
      
   5. Remove culture supernatant of BHK-21 cells and add 200 μl of diluted virus into each well.
      Note: Virus should be added immediately after removing culture supernatant to avoid cells drying out.
      
   6. Incubate the plate for exactly 1 h at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ incubator.
      
   7. Remove virus and add 500 μl of 0.8% methyl-cellulose medium supplemented with 2% FBS.
      
   8. Incubate plate for 4-5 days at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ incubator.
      Note: The plaque size is affected by virus replication rate. Check the plaque size visually before fixation to obtain clear plaque morphology. Plates of EDEN1 infection are normally incubated until day 4 post-infection, whereas plates of EDEN2 or S221 are usually incubated until day 5 post-infection.
      
   9. Overlay 1 ml of 3.7% formaldehyde onto the cells and fix for 20 min at room temperature.
      Note: Alternatively, the plates can be put into a hermetic container containing 5 L of 3.7% formaldehyde and fixed for 20 min without removing methyl-cellulose medium. The formaldehyde solution can be kept for 3-4 months, however, longer time fixation times may be required if the 3.7% formaldehyde is not fresh. Once the solution turns brown and turbid, replace it.
      
   10. Rinse the plate with copious volume of water in a container. Shake the plate robustly to remove methyl-cellulose medium completely.
       
   11. Add 1-3 drops of 1% crystal violet into each well and stain for 2 min.
       
   12. Rinse the plate with copious volume of water in a container and shake the plate to remove excess water.
       
   13. Dry the plate out and count the number of plaques to determine virus titer.
       Caluculation of plaque forming units (pfu):
       Virus titer (pfu/ml) = average number of plaques/200 μl inoculum x 1,000 μl x dilution factor
       
       
3. Preparation of α-DENV E protein antibodies (4G2) from hybridoma cells
   
   1. Culture 4G2 hybridoma cells in 50 ml of PFHM-II (Protein-Free hybridoma medium) in 175 cm² flasks in humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37 °C.
      Note: It is recommended to culture the cells in RPMI 1640 (10%) during the initial period of several days after thawing cells. Once the cells grow well, replace the media gradually by increasing the proportion of PFHM-II media in RPMI 1640 from 10% (vol/vol) to finally 100% PFHM-II media (example: 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%).
      
   2. Collect cell suspension into a centrifugal tube when the cells become confluent (the color of culture media turns to orange or yellow).
      
   3. Centrifuge cells at 900 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
      
   4. Collect the supernatant and stored at 4 °C without filtration until enough amount of supernatant is obtained.
      
   5. Continue culturing the cells and repeat steps C2-C4 if a large amount of the supernatant is required.
      
   6. Filter the supernatant through a 0.2 μm membrane filter unit.
      
   7. Load the 4G2 supernatant onto a 5 ml Protein G column pre-equilibrated in pH 7.2 PBS.
      Note: 4G2 antibody is purified using the AKTApurifier. Refer to the manufacturer’s instruction guides regarding sample loading specifications.
      
   8. Wash the column with PBS using 5x the column volume (i.e., 25 ml).
      
   9. Prepare a 96-well block containing 60 μl 1 M Tris-HCl.
      Note: The standard ratio of Tris-HCl to glycine (100:6) for neutralization is subjected to change depending on the concentration of buffers prepared. Volume of Tris-HCl to be added required for neutralization (pH 7) can be adjusted by pH paper testing.
      
   10. Elute antibodies using 100% 0.1 M glycine and collect 1 ml fractions into the wells of the block.
       Note: Check the purity of the antibody by running a SDS-PAGE.
       
   11. Select fractions of high purity and collect into a dialysis membrane, and then dialyse against PBS overnight.
       
   12. Quantitate the concentration of the purified antibody using NanoDrop.
       
       
4. DENV infection in AG129 mice and measurement of viremia
   Note: Infectivity of DENV in AG129 mice differs among virus strains. DENV2 clinical strains are generally more infectious than DENV1 clinical strains in the mice (our unpublished observation). Infection in the presence of DENV-specific antibodies (ADE condition) can enhance the infection level and make it possible to induce mortality. Here we describe the methods for two successful mouse models of clinical isolates of DENV1 (EDEN1 strain) and DENV2 (EDEN2 strain) (Watanabe et al., 2016) together with the pioneering mouse model using mouse-adapted DENV2 (S221 strain) (Zellweger et al., 2010). 
   
   1. Prepare AG129 mice aged 7-11 weeks.
      Note: AG129 mice were purchased from B&K Universal (UK) and the breeding pairs were maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions in the animal facility. One female AG129 mouse bears approximately 4 pups per month, therefore, maintainance of 10-breeding pairs produce about 40 mice per month.
      
   2. Dilute purified 4G2 with PBS to concentrations of 50 μg/100 μl for EDEN1 or EDEN2 infection and 10 μg/100 μl for S221 infection.
      
   3. Administer 100 μl of diluted 4G2 into AG129 mice intraperitoneally using a 30 G insulin syringe one day prior to virus infection.
      
   4. Dilute virus stock with PBS to concentrations of 7 x 10⁷ pfu/200 μl for EDEN1, 1 x 10⁸ pfu/200 μl for EDEN2 and 2 x 10⁴ pfu/200 μl for S221. Keep the diluted virus on ice.
      Note: Inoculation of these virus titer induces lethal infection in the presence of 4G2 antibodies (ADE condition) but not in the absence of 4G2.
      
   5. Hold a mouse steadily in a mouse restrainer. Inoculate 200 μl of virus inoculum intravenously into mice through the tail vein using 30 G insulin syringe.
      Note:Up to 1 ml of virus can be inoculated intravenouslly into mice. Thus, as far as the titer of virus stock exceeds 1 x 10⁸ pfu/ml, enough virus can be delivered into the mice for lethal infection.
      
   6. Observe mouse disease status and survival rate until day 10 post-infection.
      Note: Mice usually succumb to infection by day 5 post-infection accompanied with a severe form of human DHF/DSS-like diseases (Zellweger et al., 2010; Watanabe et al., 2016).
      
   7. Add 10 μl of 1% (wt/vol) EDTA (in PBS) into each 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube for blood collection. Hold the mouse vertically with the head tilted back and collect approximately 100 μl of blood from facial vein using a 27 G needle (final 0.1% EDTA).
      Note: It is possible to collect 100 μl of blood from each mouse on 10 consecutive days.
      
   8. Centrifuge the blood samples at 13,500 x g for 3 min.
      
   9. Collect serum and store at -80 °C until use.
      
   10. Collect 20 μl of each serum sample and mix with 120 μl PBS.
       
   11. Extract RNA from serum using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
       
   12. Make 20 μl reaction mixture (4 μl RNA plus 16 μl PCR reagent mixture) using the qScript One-Step qRT-PCR Kit. Prepare standard curves with plasmid DNA ranging from 10⁷ to 10¹ copies/4 µl. Perform quantitative RT-PCR reactions in duplicate in Bio-Rad Real-time thermal cycler CFX96 according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
       
   13. Run the qPCR using the following program
       
       

Data analysis

Significant differences of viremia between data groups can be determined by a 2-tailed Student’s t-test analysis using online free software. For mouse survival, statistical analysis can be performed by the log-rank test using the GraphPad Prism software. P values less than 0.05 are considered significant.

Notes

This protocol was optimized for the two DENV clinical strains (EDEN1 and EDEN2). The protocol can be adapted to other clinical isolates including DENV serotype 3 (our unpublished data). However, not all clinical isolates can induce high mortality in AG129 mice due to their different infectivity to the mice.

Representative data

Figure 1. Bright field image of C6/36 cells showing ~90% confluency that is ready for DENV infection. The image was taken under 10x magnification using Olympus inverted fluorescence microscope.


Figure 2. Infection models of EDEN1, EDEN2 and S221 in AG129 mice. AG129 mice were inoculated intravenously with EDEN1 (7 x 10⁷ pfu), EDEN2 (1 x 10⁸ pfu) or S221 (2 x 10⁴ pfu) for non-lethal infection. For the lethal ADE infection, mice were pre-injected intraperitoneally with 50 μg (for EDEN1 and EDEN2) or 10 μg (for S221) 4G2 antibody one day prior to infection. A. Mouse survival rate was monitored by day 10 post-infection. B. Blood samples were collected on days 1-8 post-infection and mixed serum from each group was subjected to real-time RT-PCR to obtain the average viral genome copy numbers. Mouse number per group is 5 (EDEN1 infection) or 6 (EDEN2 and S221 infection).
Note: Inoculation of virus alone does not induce mortality (A), whereas inoculation of virus in the presence of 4G2 causes 100% mortality (A) accompanied with enhanced peak viremia levels (B). These mouse models are applicable to in vivo evaluation of antiviral agents against not only mouse-adapted dengue virus but also dengue clinical strains (Watanabe et al., 2016).

Recipes

1. 0.8% methyl-cellulose medium
1. Add 8 g methyl-cellulose powder into 500 ml double distilled water, autoclave twice to dissolve the powder
   
2. Prepare 500 ml 2x RPMI 1640 media by dissolving RPMI 1640 powder in double distilled water followed by supplementing with 4% heat-inactivated FBS, 4 mM L-glutamine, 200 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin, 0.075% sodium bicarbonate solution and 50 mM HEPES
   
3. After filtration of 2x RPMI 1640 media through 0.2 μm membrane filter unit, mix well with 500 ml prepared methyl-cellulose
   
4. Store at 4 °C
   
2. 1% Crystal violet
   Add 5 g Crystal violet to 100 ml 100% EtOH and mix well to dissolve powder
   Add 400 ml double distilled water
   Store at room temperature
   
3. 0.1 M glycine (pH 2.7)
   Add 3.75 g glycine into 500 ml double distilled water
   Adjust the pH to 2.7 using 1 N HCl
   Store the solution at 4 °C
   
4. 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0)
   Add 30.3 g of Tris into 250 ml double distilled water
   Adjust the pH to 9.0 using 1 N HCl
   Store the solution at room temperature
   

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministry of Health in Singapore through NMRC/MOHIAFCat1/0008/2014. The protocol described here was based on the following paper: Watanabe et al. (2016).

References

1. Low, J. G., Ooi, E. E., Tolfvenstam, T., Leo, Y. S., Hibberd, M. L., Ng, L. C., Lai, Y. L., Yap, G. S., Li, C. S., Vasudevan, S. G. and Ong, A. (2006). Early Dengue infection and outcome study (EDEN) - study design and preliminary findings. Ann Acad Med Singapore 35(11): 783-789.
   
2. Shresta, S., Kyle, J. L., Snider, H. M., Basavapatna, M., Beatty, P. R. and Harris, E. (2004). Interferon-dependent immunity is essential for resistance to primary dengue virus infection in mice, whereas T- and B-cell-dependent immunity are less critical.. J Virol 78(6): 2701-2710.
   
3. Shresta, S., Sharar, K. L., Prigozhin, D. M., Beatty, P. R. and Harris, E. (2006). Murine model for dengue virus-induced lethal disease with increased vascular permeability. J Virol 80(20): 10208-10217.
   
4. Watanabe, S., Chan, K. W., Dow, G., Ooi, E. E., Low, J. G. and Vasudevan, S. G. (2016). Optimizing celgosivir therapy in mouse models of dengue virus infection of serotypes 1 and 2: The search for a window for potential therapeutic efficacy. Antiviral Res 127: 10-19.
   
5. Zellweger, R. M., Prestwood, T. R. and Shresta, S. (2010). Enhanced infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in a mouse model of antibody-induced severe dengue disease. Cell Host Microbe 7(2): 128-139.