Plant Materials and Growth Conditions of Japanese Morning Glory (Ipomoea nil cv. Violet)

Materials and Reagents

1. Japanese morning glory cultivar, “Violet” (Ipomoea nil cv. Violet) seeds
   Note: Seeds of the Japanese morning glory cultivar, “Violet” (Ipomoea nil cv. Violet), as well as other cultivars can be obtained through the National BioResource Project, Japan (http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/asagao/).
   
2. Horticultural soil (Nippi Horticulture soil No. 1; Nihon Hiryo)
   
3. Fertilizer (Hyponex, catalog number: 15-30-15 )
   

Equipment

1. Growth chamber
   
2. 12 cm-diameter pots
   
3. Metal wire (1 m)
   
4. Utility knife
   

Procedure

1. Soil preparation
   
   1. We use a granular horticultural soil with fertilizer (Nippi Horticulture soil No. 1) but most types of horticultural soil for flowers or vegetables can be used to grow Japanese morning glory.
      
   2. Place the soil into pots; we use 12 cm-diameter pots with a hole in the bottom. The hole is covered with a net to prevent the loss of soil, and the soil is moistened.
   
   
2. Seed preparation
   Shave off a thin slice of the seed coat opposite the embryo with a knife to increase imbibition (Figure 1), taking care not to make the incision too deep. If you see the white underlying endosperm, then the depth of the incision is sufficient. This procedure ensures that the time required to germination is more uniform.
   
   
   Figure 1. A Violet seed with a thin slice of the seed coat removed. E, Embryo; *area of shaved seed coat
   
   
3. Planting
   
   1. Plant the prepared seeds in soil at a depth of 1-1.5 cm (one seed per pot).
      
   2. To grow the Violet plants, place the pots on a tray.
      
   3. The tray containing the pots is then placed in a growth chamber at 24 °C and a relative humidity of 70%. The photoperiod used is 16L/8D (light/dark) with light provided by white-fluorescent lamps at approximately 100 µmol/m/s. Plants typically germinate after 3-4 days.
      
   4. Plants are grown for 1 month under the 16L/8D long-day photoperiod.
      
   5. Plants are fertilized with 1 g/L Hyponex 15-30-15 (150-200 ml per pot) once a week after the first true leaf expands.
      Notes:
      
      1. There are unlikely to be any pests in a clean growth chamber. However, if whiteflies are problem, scatter granular “Orthoran” on the soil surface after germination.
         
      2. We pinch the tip of vine to induce axillary bud formation when the plants have five true leaves (Figure 2), but this procedure is not essential for flower production.
      
      
      Figure 2. A drawing of the Violet plant with five true leaves. An arrow indicates a position for pinching out the vine.
      
      
   6. Wind the developing vines around a support. We use metal wire as a support (Figure 3).
      
   7. After 1 month, change the photoperiod to a 12L/12D cycle to induce flowering.
      Note: The Japanese morning glory is an absolute short-day plant. If you want to produce flowers more quickly, place the pots under a photoperiod of 12L/12D from the very beginning (i.e. immediately after sowing). If you want to induce the production of larger plants with more flowers, grow the plants under a long-day photoperiod (16L/8D) for more than 1 month.
      
   8. The plants should produce flower buds approximately 1 month after the photoperiod is changed to the 12L/12D cycle (Figure 3).
      Notes:
      
      1. If the flowers are removed before the seeds are set (preferably, before the flowers wilt) then the plants will keep flowering for several months as seed setting markedly increases plant death.
         
      2. Under a photoperiod of 12L/12L, the flowers will be almost fully open at the start of the light period.
         
      3. If you want to harvest seeds, mature seeds can be obtained approximately 6 weeks after the flowers open.
      
      
      Figure 3. A Violet plant after 11 weeks in a growth chamber

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan. We thank the National BioResource Project, Japan for providing seeds of Japanese morning glory cultivar, “Violet”.

References

1. Shibuya, K., Shimizu, K., Niki, T. and Ichimura, K. (2014). Identification of a NAC transcription factor, EPHEMERAL1, that controls petal senescence in Japanese morning glory. Plant J 79(6): 1044-1051.
   
2. Shibuya, K., Yamada, T., Suzuki, T., Shimizu, K. and Ichimura, K. (2009). InPSR26, a putative membrane protein, regulates programmed cell death during petal senescence in Japanese morning glory. Plant Physiol 149(2): 816-824.