Materials and Reagents

Materials

Pipette (STARLAB International, catalog numbers: S7100-0510, S7100-2200, and S7110-1000)
Pipette tips (Starlabs., S Korea and Sorenson Bioscience, Inc., catalog numbers: S1120-3810, S1122-1830, 2937T, 17370-X)
1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes (SPL Life Sciences, catalog number: SPL-060015)
1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes, sterilized (Bio-Fact, catalog number: EMT-1530)
Plasmid DNA mini-prep kit (Bio-Medic, catalog number: BM-K110B)
PCR tubes (Corning Incorporated, catalog number: PCR-02-C)
PCR purification kit (Qiagen, catalog number: 28106)
Whatman 3MM paper (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 3017-915)
Kodak CL-Xposure Film (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 34090)
Micro-flex Gloves (Ansell, catalog number: MF-300-L)

Reagents

RNaseZap (RNase Decontamination Solution) (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: AM9780)
E. coli extract (S30) (Bioneer, catalog number: K-7250)
Reaction buffer for cell-free reaction (Bioneer, catalog number: K-7250)
DEPC water (Bioneer, catalog number: K-7250)
RNase-free water (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: 7732-18-5)
Galactose (Merck, catalog number: G5388)
DNase I (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen, catalog number: AM2222)
T4 RNA ligase (Ambion, catalog number: AM2141)
RNasin Ribonuclease Inhibitors (Promega, catalog number: N2111)
PCI (Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol) (Merck, catalog number: 77617)
G-50 column (Sephadex) (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 27-5330-01)
Omniscript Reverse Transcriptase (Qiagen, catalog number: 205111)
HotStarTaq Plus DNA Polymerase (Qiagen, catalog number: 203603)
dNTP mix (10 mM each) (ThermoFisher, catalog number: R0191)
T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (NEB, catalog number: M0201L)
T4 Polynucleotide Kinase 10× buffer (NEB, catalog number: M0201L)
ATP, [γ-³²P]-6000Ci/mmol (PerkinElmer, catalog number: NEG002Z250UC)
5× TBE (Bioneer, catalog number: C-9002)
Urea (Merck, catalog number: U5128)
Acrylamide (Merck, catalog number: V900845)
Bis-acrylamide (Merck, catalog number: V900301)
Ammonium persulfate (Merck, catalog number: 248614)
TEMED (Merck, catalog number: T9281)
Formamide (Merck, catalog number: F9037)
Xylene cyanol (Sigma, catalog number: X4126)
Bromphenol blue (Sigma, catalog number: B0126)
Sigmacote (Sigma, catalog number: SL2)
5× Developer (Vivid, catalog number: 0514_00004)
5× Developer & Fixer (Vivid, catalog number: 0514_00003)
8% sequencing solution (see Recipes)
8% Urea-PAGE gel (see Recipes)
2× stop buffer (see Recipes)

Plasmids and primers (Table 1)

pGal plasmid (contains gal operon, Figure 3A) (Wang, X. et al., 2014)
pRho plasmid (contains rho gene under the T7 promotor control) (Jeon et al., 2021)

pRNaseIII (contains rnc gene under the T7 promoter control) (Jeon et al., 2021)

Table 1. Primers used in this study.

Primer name	Primer sequence (5’-3’)	Use
Synthetic RNA	UUCACUGUUCUUAGCGGCCGCAUGCUC	RNA Oligomer ligation for 3′ RACE assay
3RP-R	AGCATGCGGCCGCTAAGAAC	RT and PCR for 3′ RACE assay
M3-F	TCCGCACGACGGCCTGAAAT	PCR for 3′ RACE assay
T3-F	ACGGTAGCCGTACCGTTGTC	PCR for 3′ RACE assay
M4240-R	CGAAGAGTATTCCAGCCTG	PE for 3’ RACE assay
T8-F	ATCCATTTTCGCGAATCCGGA	PE for 3’ RACE assay

Equipment

30/37°C stationary incubator (SNT, model: MCL-20A)
Vortex Genie-2 (Scientific Industries, model: G560E)
37°C Heat block (FINEPCR, model: ALB64)
Centrifuge (4°C) (Hanil Scientific Inc., model: SU-R17)
NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Fisher, model: ND-1000)
Thermo cycler machine (Bio-Rad, model: T100, catalog number: 1861096)
Gel sequencing apparatus (Labrepco, model: S2, catalog number: 21105036)
Automatic pipette (Thermo Scientific, USA, model: S1 pipette filler, catalog number: 9501)
Cassette (X-ray film) (Duksan (DS) Lab, model: L-07019-001)
Power supply unit (Bio-Rad, USA, model: PowerPac 3000, catalog number: 165-5057)

Procedure

Cell-free extract reaction (Time for Completion: 1 h)
1. Set-up a cell-free reaction in a 60 µL reaction volume with 10 nM of the DNA template, which should contain a promoter, the rbs followed by the inserted gene of interest, and the transcription terminator [a pGal plasmid is used for the reaction in Figure 3A (Wang, X. et al., 2014)], 25 µL of the reaction buffer (Bioneer), 14 µL of E. coli extract (S30) (Bioneer), 0.5% (w/v) galactose, and DEPC water up to the final volume.
  Note: Dissolve 100 g galactose in 500 mL RNase-free water to make a 20% (w/v) galactose stock solution. Stir/mix thoroughly at room temperature to dissolve, then filter sterilize the solution. A final galactose concentration of 0.5% (w/v) is used for the reaction.
2. Incubate at 30°C in a stationary incubator for 30 min.
  Note: We recommend setting up the cell-free reaction in a stationary incubator.
3. Add an equivalent amount of PCI (Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol) and centrifuge at 12,000 × g and 4°C for 10 min, to stop the reaction.
  Note: At this stage, three distinctive phases can be seen. The upper aqueous phase will retain the total RNA, whereas the yellowish-interphase and the lower organic phase contain the protein.
4. Carefully use a pipette to take 25 µL of the upper aqueous phase, which contains the RNA, without disturbing the inter/organic phase.
5. Apply the sample to the upper side of the G-50 resin column and centrifuge at 2,650 × g for 2 min. The purified RNA is collected at the bottom of the microcentrifuge tube.
  Note: To prepare the G-50 column, vortex the resin to resuspend and centrifuge at 2,650 × g for 1 min. Place the column in a new sterile 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
6. Quantify the purified RNA (usually 1.0–1.2 µg/µL) and store it at -70°C (Pause step).
  CRITICAL STEP: Use RNase-free filter tips to avoid RNase contamination.
RNA ligation (Time for Completion: 3.5 h)
1. Set-up the RNA ligation reaction in 1.5 mL sterile microcentrifuge tubes to a volume of 25 μL, comprised of 2.5 µL of 10× RNA ligase buffer, 1 µL of 100 nM RNA oligo (27 mer) (Table 1), 2.5 µg RNA, 0.5 µL of 40 U/µL RNasin, 1.5 μL of 3U DNase I, and 2 μL of T4 5 U/µL RNA Ligase.
  Note: If there is any DNA carryover from the previous step, DNase I ensures full eradication.
2. Incubate at 37°C in a stationary incubator for 3 h.
3. Clean the subsequent ligation mix using a G-50 column by centrifugation at 2,650 × g for 2 min.
  Note: To prepare the G-50 column, vortex the resin to resuspend and centrifuge at 2,650 × g for 1 min. Place the column in a new sterile 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
Reverse transcription (RT) (Time for Completion: 2.5 h)
1. Set-up a reverse transcription reaction in 1.5 mL sterile microcentrifuge tubes to a volume of 20 μL containing 2 µL of 10× RTase buffer, 1 µL of 25 µM 3RP-R primer (Table 1), 2 µL of 5 mM dNTP mix, 0.25 µL of 40 U/µL RNasin, 1 μL of 4 U/µL RTase, and 4 µg ligated RNA.
2. Incubate at 37°C in a stationary incubator for 2 h.
  Note: cDNAs can be stored at -20°C until the next step (Pause step).
PCR (Time for Completion: 2 h)
1. Set-up a PCR reaction in 0.2 mL PCR tubes to a final volume of 50 μL, containing 5 µL of 10× PCR buffer, 1 µL of 10mM dNTP mix, 2.5 µL of 10 µM 3RP-R primer, 2.5 µL of 10 µM gene of interest (GOI) primer (Table 1), 0.5 µL of 5 U/µL HotStarTaq plus DNA polymerase, 2.5 µL of cDNA, and 36 µL of RNase-free water.
2. Move PCR tubes to a thermo-cycler machine. Pre-heat the block to 105°C.
3. Start the thermocycling process with the following parameters: initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, and 30 cycles of: denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, hybridization at 60°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 60 s. Cool the samples down to 4°C.
4. Store the PCR tubes at -20°C (Pause step).
  CRITICAL STEP: PCR purification ensures that the PCR reaction components are removed.
Primer end labeling (Time for Completion: 1.5 h)
1. Set-up a 20 µL reaction in 1.5 mL sterile microcentrifuge tubes as follows: 2 µL of 10× Kinase buffer, 2 µL of 10 µM gene-specific extension primer, 2 µL of [γ-³²P] ATP, 1 µL of 10U/µL Kinase, and 13 µL of RNase-free water.
  CRITICAL STEP: Use gloves and protective gear, as well as a plexiglass shield to avoid radiation.
2. Incubate at 37°C for 30 min in a heat block.
  Note: The enzyme can be inactivated at 65°C for 10 min.
3. Dilute the reaction mixture with 30 µL of RNase-free water and purify the labeled primer using a G-50 column by centrifugation at 2,650 × g for 2 min. Store at 4°C (Pause step).
Primer extension (PE) (Time for Completion: 2 h)
1. Set-up a 20 µL PCR reaction in 0.2 mL PCR tubes, as follows: 2 µL of 10× PCR buffer, 0.3 µL of 10 mM dNTP mix, 0.75 µL of 5’ end-labeled gene-specific extension primer, 0.2 µL of 5 U/µL HotStarTaq plus DNA polymerase, 2 µL of DNA template, and 14.75 µL of RNase-free water.
  CRITICAL STEP: Use gloves and protective gear, as well as a plexiglass shield to avoid radiation.
2. Run the thermocycling process with the following parameters: initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, and 25 cycles of: denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, hybridization at 52°C for 90 s, and extension at 72°C for 30 s. Cool the samples down to 4°C.
  Note: Preheat the block to 105°C.
3. Store the PCR tubes at -20°C (pause step).
  
  Figure 2. Schematic of the components of an assembled electrophoresis apparatus. The illustrated output of the 3′ RACE assay on gal transcripts generated in E. coli MG1655 wild-type (WT) cells showing the 3’ end of galETKM mRNA (previously called mM1) at 4,313 (the number represents the position of the nucleotide from the gal transcription initiation site); GATC: DNA sequencing ladder.
Gel electrophoresis and analysis (Time for Completion: 16 h)
1. Assemble spacers (0.4 mm), inner and outer glass plates (W × H: 31 × 38.5 cm) in the gel-casting chamber according to the manufacturer’s description (Labrepco) (Figure 2) (Video 1).
  CRITICAL STEP: Coat the inner glass plate with a hydrophobic Sigmacote solution, to facilitate removing the gel from the outer glass plate after electrophoresis.
  
  Video 1. Gel-casting procedure.
2. Prepare 50 mL of polyacrylamide solution from the 8% sequencing solution (see Materials and Reagents).
3. Add 300 µL of ammonium persulfate (10%) and 30 µL of TEMED to the polyacrylamide solution. Mix well by stirring.
4. Using an automated pipette, gently pipette the solution between glass plates, without introducing any air bubbles.
5. Allow 1 h after inserting the gel comb (4 × 0.4 mm, 14 cm), for the gel polymerization to occur.
6. Remove the polymerized gel from the gel-casting chamber and transfer it to the gel sequencing electrophoresis apparatus (Labrepco) (Figure 2).
7. Fill the bottom and upper buffer chambers with 1× TBE buffer (submerged by at least 2–3 cm).
8. Detach the comb from the gel and use a pipette to rinse the wells.
  CRITICAL STEP: As urea gets seeped into the wells, pipette them thoroughly every 2 min.
9. Add 15 µL of 2× stop buffer (see Materials and Reagents) to the sample and denature at 95°C for 5 min.
10. Place the samples on ice for 2 min to cool.
11. Load 2.5 µL of the sample carefully, avoiding any air bubbles.
  CRITICAL STEP: Always keep samples on ice.
12. Close the lid of the apparatus, attach the cords to a high-voltage power source, and run the gel at 60 W for 2–3 h.
13. Remove glass plates from the gel electrophoresis device by removing the clamps. Carefully disassemble the glass plates after they have cooled down completely.
  Note: Check and wait for the glass plates to cool down.
14. Cut a piece of Whatman paper (3 mm) to the same size as the gel and carefully remove the gel after attaching the Whatman paper to the outer glass plate.
15. Cover the gel with saran wrap and seal it with scotch tape.
  CRITICAL STEP: Check the radiation level often with a Geiger counter, focusing on the front of the protective screen and your gloves, in case of contamination.
16. Transfer the saran wrap-sealed gel to a gel cassette containing the Whatman paper, cover the gel with an X-ray film, and expose it at -80°C for 12–16 h.
  Note: At -80°C, the film exposure period can be adjusted.
17. Scan the film once it has dried from development and fixing. ImageJ software can be used to calculate relative band intensities.

Data analysis

Analysis of DNA and RNA used in the CFS-3’RACE-PE assay
We present an efficient strategy for better understanding mRNA generating mechanisms and studying transcription termination procedures in the coupled and uncoupled transcription states, while limiting the experiment time to a minimum. Agarose gel electrophoresis was utilized to confirm the DNA template employed in the cell-free reaction (Figure 3A). The 23s and 16s rRNA bands of the RNA extracted after the cell-free reaction were visible on a denaturing gel (Figure 3B). The amount of protein synthesized after the reaction was sufficient to be detected with conventional Coomassie blue staining.
Data analysis of CFS-3’RACE-PE reaction
After the cell-free reaction only in the presence of pGal DNA template, the 3’ RACE produced no 3’ ends at 4,313 (Wang, X. et al., 2019) (Figure 3C, lane 2). However, the addition of galactose (0.5%) with different reaction times produced 3’ ends at 4,313 (Figure 3C, lanes 3–7), indicating that these bands were generated from the gal operon transcription, as shown in vivo (Figure 3C, lane 1).
Validation of CFS-3’RACE-PE
We also investigated the role of Spot 42 binding at the galT-galK junction in the formation of galET mRNA species, to validate the cell-free system (Jeon et al., 2021). The 3’ ends of galET mRNA are found at 2,125–2,129 (galET-short) and 2,164–2,167 (galET-long) downstream of the galT stop codon, respectively (Figure 3D, lane 1) (Wang, X. et al., 2015). Base-pairing of the two regions of Spot 42 with corresponding complementary regions of mRNA generated two different 3’ ends. The binding of Spot 42 resulted in a Rho-dependent termination (RDT) of galT transcription, resulting in the generation of galET mRNA (formerly called mT1) (Wang, X. et al., 2015).
Using the cell-free assay system, we investigated the role of Spot 42 and RNaseIII in RDT. In the presence of pGal DNA template and 0.5% galactose, the 3’ RACE assay produced weak 3’ ends (Figure 3D, lane 2). In the presence of plasmid pRho, where rho is controlled by the T7 promoter, the band at 2,184 increased five-fold. These findings indicate that the 2,184-band is due to RDT (Figure 3D, lane 3). In the cell-free reaction containing pGal DNA template and 0.5% galactose, we added 150 nM of Spot 42 RNA. The RNA with 3’ ends at 2,184 increased exponentially. A cluster of 3' ends at 2,125–2,129 also increased with Spot 42 RNA (Figure 3D, lane 4). These findings suggest that the 3’ end of the RDT terminated product at 2,184 is processed to the 3’ ends of galET-short, implying that Spot 42 can modulate RDT utilizing the endogenous Rho protein in the E. coli extract.

Figure 3. An overview of the cell-free reaction followed by the data output of the 3’ RACE assay. (A) A diagram of the pGal plasmid used as the template for this study. The transcription initiation site from the P1 promoter is marked as galP1. The galactose operon structural genes; galE, galT, galK, and galM followed by the two transcription terminations at the end of gal are shown. The Rho-independent termination signal (the terminator hairpin) is presented as a hairpin structure and the Rho-dependent termination signal (C-rich region) is depicted as a double-arrow. (B) Agarose gel electrophoresis of the pGal plasmid (12,525 bp) and RNA samples extracted from the cell-free reaction on a 1.2% agarose gel, showing 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and other low molecular weight RNAs. (C) The 3′ RACE assay on gal transcripts generated in E. coli MG1655 wild-type (WT) cells and in a cell-free reaction in the presence of pGal and 0.5% galactose. In vitro showing the 3’ end of galETKM mRNA (previously called mM1) at 4,313; lane 1: No DNA (Negative control); lane 2: DNA template pGal alone; lanes 3–6: pGal and 0.5% galactose with different reaction times; 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. (D) RNase III-mediated transcript cleavage using the cell-free system. 3′ RACE assay of the galET mRNA 3’ ends from MG1655 in vitro (lane 1) and the cell-free system in the presence of DNA template, pGal, and 0.5% galactose (lane 2); pGal, 0.5% galactose, and pRho plasmid (lane 3), where the gene for Rho (rho) is under control of the T7 promoter; pGal, 0.5% galactose, and Spot42 RNA (150nM) (lane 4) and pGal, 0.5% galactose, Spot42 RNA (150nM), and pRNaseIII plasmid (lane 5), where the gene for RNase III (rnc) is under control of the T7 promoter. 2,125–2,129: 3’ end of galET-short mRNA; 2,161–2,163: 3’ end galET-long mRNA. The numbers represent the position of the nucleotide from the gal transcription initiation site. TC: DNA sequencing ladder.

Suspecting the involvement of an endoribonuclease in the RNA processing of the 3’ ends at 2,184 to 2,125–2,129, we added pRNaseIII plasmid (rnc gene controlled by the T7 promoter) into the cell-free reaction containing pGal DNA template, 0.5% galactose, and Spot 42 RNA. RNaseIII is an endoribonuclease known to cleave dsRNA (Robertson et al., 1968; Nashimoto and Uchida, 1985). In the presence of RNaseIII, the RNA with 3' ends at 2,184 was reduced to 50% (Figure 3D, lane 5). However, the galET-short bands at 2,121–2,129 increased three-fold compared to those in Figure 3D, lane 4.
These findings show that RDT is controlled by Spot 42 and that RDT of transcript 3’ end at 2,184 is processed to 2,121–2,129, which is cleaved by RNaseIII. The 3’ end at 2,184 is a terminated product completely dependent on Spot 42 and Rho for termination. Normally, this invisible ‘pre-mRNA’ species is not recorded in vitro, but can be seen in our optimized cell-free system. Our findings show that RNase III can cleave the transcript at 2,184, to generate galET-Short. The 3' end of 2,184 cannot be detected, since RNase III processing appears to occur rapidly in cells.

Notes

Radiation safety and guidelines:

Radiation awareness and safe radiation source handling training are required.
Set aside a space in the laboratory for studies with ATP, [γ-³²P].
Always limit the amount of time you are exposed to radiation.
To avoid exposure, radioactive samples should be stored in lead-lined containers, and experimental wastes should be disposed of in appropriate containers.
When working with radioactive materials, always use gloves and protective gear, as well as a plexiglass shield to prevent radiation.
Check the radiation level often with a Geiger counter, placing it in front of the protective screen and your gloves, in case of contamination.

Recipes

8% sequencing solution
Reagent Final concentration Amount
Acrylamide n/a 38 g
Bis-acrylamide n/a 2 g
Urea 8 M 250 g
5× TBE 1× 100 mL
H₂O n/a Up to 500 mL
Total 500 mL
8% Urea-PAGE gel
Reagent Final concentration Amount
8% sequencing solution n/a 49.67 mL
10% (w/v) APS solution n/a 300 µL
99% TEMED n/a 30 µL
Total 50 mL
2× Stop buffer
Reagent Final concentration Amount
99% Formamide n/a 9 mL
EDTA (0.5 M, pH 8.0) 10 mM 200 µL
1% (w/v) Xylene cyanol 0.01 % 100 µL
1% (w/v) Bromophenol blue 0.01 % 100 µL
Total 10 mL

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant (2020R1A2C200633611 to H.M.L.) of the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea. This protocol was used in ‘sRNA-mediated regulation of gal mRNA in E. coli: Involvement of transcript cleavage by RNase E together with Rho-dependent transcription termination’ (Jeon et al., 2021).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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