Materials and Reagents

Sterile 13 ml culture tube with ventilation cap (any type, e.g., Sarstedt, catalog number: 62.515.006 )
Screw cap tube 50 ml (any type, e.g., Sarstedt, catalog number: 62.547.205 )
Disposable glass Pasteur pipets 22.9 cm (9”) (e.g., VWR, catalog number: 89061-526 )
Disposable syringe, 50 ml (any type, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisherbrand, catalog number: 14-823-43 )
Acrodisc^® syringe filters with Supor^® membrane 0.2 µm, 25 mm (Pall Corporation, catalog number: 4506 )
Petri dishes with clear lid 100 x 15 mm (any type, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisherbrand, catalog number: FB0875712 )
Aluminum foil (any product)
Bacteriocin-producing LAB (e.g., Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus)
Bacterial target strain: Micrococcus luteus (e.g., strain ATCC 4698)
Dehydrated Todd-Hewitt broth (Thermo Fisher Scientific, BD Difco, catalog number: DF0492-17-6 )
Dehydrated Columbia broth (Thermo Fisher Scientific, BD Difco, catalog number: DF0944-17-0 )
Yeast extract (BioShop Life Science Products, catalog number: YEX401 )
Agar (BioShop Life Science Products, catalog number: AGR001 )
NaH₂PO₄ (e.g., Millipore Sigma, catalog number: S8282 )
Na₂HPO₄ (e.g., Millipore Sigma, catalog number: S9763 )
MgSO₄ (e.g., Millipore Sigma, catalog number: M7506 )
FeSO₄ (e.g., Millipore Sigma, catalog number: F7002 )
CaCO₃ (e.g., Millipore Sigma, Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C4830 )
Chloroform ACS Reagent Grade (Caledon Laboratory Chemicals, catalog number: 3000-1-40 )
Acetonitrile (for HPLC) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisher Chemical, catalog number: A998 )
Trifluoroacetic acid (Peptide and Protein Analysis/Certified) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisher Chemical, catalog number: O4902 )
Methanol (for HPLC) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisher Chemical, catalog number: A452SK-4 )
Hydrochloric acid solution, 6 N ACS (Certified) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisher Chemical, catalog number: SA56-4 )
Milli-Q water or any filtered ultra-pure water
THYE broth (500 ml) (see Recipes)
BAC semi-solid agar medium (2 L) (see Recipes)
Columbia-CaCO₃ agar plates (500 ml) (see Recipes)
Columbia soft agar (500 ml) (see Recipes)
ACN-TFA solvent (500 ml) (see Recipes)
Methanol:water, 95:5 v/v [pH 2] (500 ml) (see Recipes)
Methanol:water v/v gradient (500 ml) (see Recipes)

Equipment

Heavy-duty low form beaker 4 L (any type, e.g., VWR, catalog number: 10536-520 )
Heavy-duty low form beaker 250 ml (any type, e.g., VWR, catalog number: 10536-390 )
Scoop type spatula (any type, e.g., VWR International, catalog number: 470149-438 )
Centrifuge bottles 250 ml (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Nalgene PPCO, catalog number: 3120-0250 )
Reusable glass media bottle with cap 1 L (any type, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisherbran, catalog number: FB8001000 )
Reusable glass media bottle with cap 500 ml (any type, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisherbrand, catalog number: FB800500 )
Sep-Pak^® C18 environmental cartridges, 55-105 µm (Waters, catalog number: WAT023635 )
CO₂ incubator (any type, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Hera Cell 150 )
Water bath (any product)
Magnetic stirrer (any product)
Magnetic stir bar (any product)
Benchtop refrigerated centrifuge (any type, e.g., Eppendorf, model: 5810 R )
Floor refrigerated centrifuge (any type, e.g., Beckman Coulter, model: J2-21 M )
Ultra-low temperature freezer (any product, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Forma 900 Series )
SpeedVac vacuum concentrator (any product, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Savant SPD120 )
Portable pump (any product, e.g., Bio-Rad, model: Econo Gradient Pump )
Bunsen burner
Cold (4 °C) lab chamber
Lab fume hood
Steam autoclave

Procedure

Preparation of bacteriocin production medium and bacterial growth
1. Prepare the bacteriocin production BAC semi-solid agar medium in a beaker and keep the sterilized medium in the cold room overnight (18-24 h) before inoculation.
2. Prepare a preculture of bacteriocin-producing LAB strain of interest into a sterile 13 ml culture tube with ventilation cap containing 10 ml of THYE broth, and incubate statically at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ in a CO₂ incubator for 18 h.
3. Using a sterile glass Pasteur pipet, stab the BAC semi-solid agar medium approximately 300 times under aseptic conditions (Figure 1).
  
  Figure 1. Stabbing of the bacteriocin production medium. Using a sterile glass Pasteur pipet of 22.9 cm, the semi-solid agar medium is stabbed multiple times. The depth of the stabs should correspond to the tip length of the pipet used (approx. 120 mm for a Pasteur pipet of 22.9 cm).
4. Pour the overnight preculture of the bacteriocin-producing LAB strain on the surface of the BAC semi-solid agar medium and cover the beaker with the same aluminum foil used for sterilization of the medium. Use 5 ml of an overnight preculture at an OD₆₀₀ of ~1.0 per liter of BAC semi-solid agar medium (Figure 2).
  
  Figure 2. Inoculation of the bacteriocin production medium
5. Incubate the mixture at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ in a CO₂ incubator for 72 h (Figure 3).
  
  Figure 3. Culture of bacteriocin-producing LAB obtained after 72 h of incubation. Bacterial growth of Streptococcus mutans LAB761, a strain encoding several bacteriocin loci, can be seen in stabbed BAC semi-solid agar medium.

Extraction of secreted bacteriocins
1. Mash the mixture using a spatula and transfer into 250 ml centrifuge bottles (Figure 4).
  
  Figure 4. The stabbed bacteriocin medium showing bacterial growth (A) is mashed into small pieces using a spatula (B). The mashed mixture is then transferred into centrifuge bottles (C)
2. Store the bottles containing the mashed mixture in an ultra-low temperature freezer for 18 h.
3. Thaw the mixture by putting the bottles in a water bath at 65 °C for 1 h. The freeze/thaw cycle is necessary in order to disrupt the cell membrane of LAB.
4. Centrifuge at 15,000 x g for 40 min at 4 °C using a floor refrigerated centrifuge.
5. Carefully collect the supernatant (Figure 5A) and transfer into a 1 L glass bottle.
6. Add an equal volume of chloroform (Figure 5B) and shake vigorously by hand for 20 min (Figure 5C). Store the mixture at 4 °C overnight (18-24 h).
  
  Figure 5. Chloroform extraction of bacteriocins. One volume of chloroform is added to one volume of collected supernatant (A). The mixture (B) is mixed thoroughly by hand for approx. 20 min (C).
7. Remove the upper layer and transfer the white layer into screw cap tube 50 ml (Figure 6). Let the emulsion settle on its own (approx. 5-10 min).
  
  Figure 6. Bacteriocin extraction following chloroform method. The upper phase (A) corresponding to the “chloroform waste” is carefully removed (B) and the white material containing the secreted peptides is transferred into 50 ml tubes (C).
8. Collect the floating white interfacial layer and transfer into a glass beaker (Figure 7).
  
  Figure 7. Extraction of bacteriocin following chloroform method. A floating white interfacial layer should be clearly visible (A). The white interface corresponding to the bacteriocin fraction is transferred into a glass beaker (B).
9. Keep the material in a fume hood until complete evaporation of the residual chloroform (approx. 2-3 days). A bacteriocin-containing powder of brownish color should be obtained (Figure 8).
  
  Figure 8. Appearance of the extracellular peptide extract following complete evaporation
10. Dissolve the extracellular peptide extract in 25 ml of ACN-TFA solvent.
11. Transfer the resuspended extracellular peptide extract in a screw cap tube 50 ml.
12. Centrifuge at 3,200 x g for 40 min at 4 °C using a benchtop refrigerated centrifuge to remove insoluble materials.
13. Transfer the clear supernatant into a clean screw cap tube 50 ml.
14. The supernatant is passed through a 0.22 µm syringe filter with low protein binding membrane.
15. Prewash a C18 cartridge with 100 ml of methanol:water, 80:20 v/v.
16. The resultant liquid obtained at Step A18 is passed through a Sep-Pak^® C18 cartridge using 50 ml of increasing concentration of methanol:water v/v (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 95% [pH 2]) using a portable pump at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. All fractions are tested for bacteriocin activity using a spot-on-lawn assay.
17. To obtain a more concentrated peptide extract, dry the active fractions using a SpeedVac vacuum concentrator at room temperature and dissolve using ACN-TFA solvent to acquire desirable concentrations.
18. Keep an aliquot of the extracellular peptide extract at 4 °C for immediate use while the rest is stored in a freezer (-20 °C).

Detection of bacteriocin activity using spot-on-lawn
1. Prepare a preculture of a target strain into a sterile 13 ml culture tube with ventilation cap containing 3 ml of THYE broth, and incubate statically at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ in a CO₂ incubator for 18 h.
2. Measure the absorbance (OD₆₀₀) of the preculture and dilute the target strain in 4 ml of Columbia soft-agar pre-warmed at 55 °C to obtain a concentration of approximately 10⁷ CFU/ml using a plot standard curve (OD₆₀₀ vs. CFU/ml).
3. Pour the inoculated soft-agar onto the surface of a Columbia-CaCO₃ agar plate. Keep at room temperature until the top layer has solidified.
4. Prepare a series of two-fold serial dilutions (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128) of the extracellular peptide extract in ACN-TFA solvent.
5. Drop 20 µl aliquots of two-fold serially diluted extracellular peptide extract on top of Columbia-CaCO₃ agar plate overlay containing the sensitive target strain. Wait until the drops have been completely absorbed before incubating the plates. To accelerate the absorption, keep the plates next to the flame of a Bunsen burner with the lid slightly off for 10-15 min.
6. Incubate the plates at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ in a CO₂ incubator for 18 h.

Data analysis

Plates are visually examined for evidence of growth inhibition (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Antimicrobial activity of the extracellular peptide extract from S. mutans detected using the spot-on-lawn assay. Aliquots (20 µl) of two-fold serially-diluted peptide extract (1/16, 1/32, 1/64 and 1/128 dilutions are shown) are tested.

Bacteriocin concentration is expressed as arbitrary unit (AU) per millimiter. AU is defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution at which bacterial growth inhibition is visually detectable. Based on Figure 9, the bacteriocin concentration is estimated at 3,200 AU/ml (64 x [1,000 µl/20 µl]).

Recipes

THYE broth (500 ml)
1. In an autoclavable glass bottle (1 L) with cap, add 15 g of dehydrated Todd-Hewitt broth, 1.5 g of Yeast extract, and 400 ml of Milli-Q water
2. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to completely dissolve
3. Adjust final volume to 500 ml with Milli-Q water
4. Autoclave on wet cycle at 121 °C for 30 min
  Note: There is no need for pH adjustment. The cap must be loose to allow steam to escape. Broth can be stored at room temperature.
BAC semi-solid agar medium (2 L)
1. In a glass beaker (4 L), add 60 g of dehydrated Todd-Hewitt broth, 6 g of Yeast extract, 2 g of NaH₂PO₄, 0.4 g of Na₂HPO₄, 1.4 g of MgSO₄, 0.01 g of FeSO₄, 6 g of agar, and 1.6 L of Milli-Q water
2. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to completely dissolve
3. Adjust final volume to 2 L with Milli-Q water. Cover the beaker with aluminum foil
4. Autoclave on wet cycle at 121 °C for 55 min
  Note: There is no need for pH adjustment. The medium is kept at room temperature for 18 h before inoculation.
Columbia-CaCO₃ agar plates (500 ml)
1. In an autoclavable glass bottle (1 L) with cap, add 17.5 g of dehydrated Columbia broth, 0.5 g CaCO₃, 7.5 g of agar, and 400 ml of Milli-Q water
2. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to dissolve
3. Adjust final volume to 500 ml with Milli-Q water
4. Autoclave on wet cycle at 121 °C for 30 min
  Note: There is no need for pH adjustment. The cap must be loose to allow steam to escape. Although Columbia agar base powder can be purchased, we recommend to use the dehydrated Columbia broth and add agar separately. Lower bacteriocin activity was detected using Columbia agar base powder.
5. Pour agar plates under aseptic conditions
  Note: Precipitate of CaCO₃ will not dissolve completely. Agar plates are stored at 4 °C .
Columbia soft-agar (500 ml)
1. In an autoclavable glass bottle (1 L) with cap, add 17.5 g of dehydrated Columbia broth, 3 g of agar, and 320 ml of Milli-Q water
2. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to completely dissolve
3. Adjust final volume to 500 ml with Milli-Q water
4. Autoclave on wet cycle at 121 °C for 30 min
  Note: There is no need for pH adjustment. The cap must be loose to allow steam to escape. Soft-agar is kept at 55 °C and used the same day.
ACN-TFA solvent (500 ml)
1. Prepare a solution of 35% acetonitrile-0.1% trifluoroacetic acid by diluting 175 ml of acetonitrile into 324.5 ml of Milli-Q water into a glass bottle (1 L) with cap
2. Add 0.5 ml of trifluoroacetic acid
3. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to mix
  Note: The solvent is stored at room temperature.
Methanol:water, 95:5 v/v [pH 2] (500 ml)
1. Prepare a solution of 95% methanol by diluting 475 ml of methanol into 25 ml of Milli-Q water into a glass bottle (1 L) with cap
2. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to mix
3. Adjust the pH to 2.0 with HCl 6 N
  Note: The solvent is stored at room temperature.
Methanol:water v/v gradient (500 ml)
1. Prepare a solution of 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% methanol by diluting 250 ml, 300 ml, 350 ml, or 400 ml of methanol into 250 ml, 200 ml, 150 ml, or 100 ml of Milli-Q water into a glass bottle (1 L) with cap, respectively
2. Place a magnetic stir bar in the bottle and stir using a magnetic stirrer to mix
  Note: The solvents are stored at room temperature.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge many helpful discussions with Aboud Barbour and Delphine Dufour. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) grant RGPIN-2019-06454 (to C.M.L.) and by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant CMA-151711 (to C.M.L. and S.G.G.). C.M.L. is a recipient of a Canada Research Chair in Oral Microbial Genetics. This protocol was previously used in our reported work ( Dufour et al., 2020 J Bacteriol 202: e00762-19).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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