Materials and Reagents

Pipette tips 2-200 µl Eppendorf^® epT.I.P.S. (Eppendorf, catalog number: 022492039)
Pipette tips 50-1,000 µl Eppendorf^® epT.I.P.S. (Eppendorf, catalog number: 022492055)
Petri dishes 100 x 15 mm 500/cs (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: FB0875713)
Sterile 150 x 20 mm-culture tube (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14-961-33)
Eppendorf^® Safe-Lock 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 022363204) Cryovial (Simport, catalog number: T310-2A)
Inoculating Loop (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: I0889)
Drigalski spatula (3bscientific, model: 1010258)
B. subtilis strains
1. B. subtilis strains NCIB3610 and JH642 (Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, catalog numbers: 3A1 and 1A96)
  The NCIB3610 strain is a wild-type undomesticated reference strain (derived from the Marburg strain) proficient in swimming, swarming and sliding motilities (Grau et al., 2015).
  The JH642 is a domesticated laboratory strain derived from the strain 168, that in turns it is derived from NCIB3610, which is only proficient in swimming motility (Grau et al., 2015).
2. B. subtilis strains RG4365 (laboratory stock, Grau et al., 2015) and isogenic derivates.
  The RG4365 strain is a wild-type undomesticated reference strain derived from the natto strain, proficient in sliding motility only (Grau et al., 2015).
Luria Bertani (LB) broth (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: L3522)
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄·7H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M1880)
Potassium chloride (KCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P9541)
Nutrient Broth (Difco, catalog number: BD234000)
Agar (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A1296)
Glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G5516)
LB 1.5% (see Recipes 1)
LB 0.3% agar (see Recipes 2)
LB 0.7% agar (see Recipes 3)
50% glycerol (see Recipes 4)
Difco Sporulation Medium (DSM) broth (see Recipes 5)

Equipment

Erlenmeyer flask (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: FB5006000)
Pipettor (Gilson, catalog number: F167300)
Orbital Shaker (Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: MaxQ SHKE4000)
Refrigerated incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: Heratherm^TM General Protocol Microbiological Incubators, catalog number: 51028064)
Freezers (-20 °C; So-Low Environmental Equipment) (Siemens, model: So-Low Ultra C85-22)
Autoclave (Tuttnauer, model: 6690)
Spectrophotometer (Paralwall, model: PWL3100)
Stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss Stemi, model: Stemi 2000)
Fiber Optic Light Source (Carl Zeiss Stemi, model: KL1500LCD)
Digital Camera (Canom, model: PowerShot A80).
Bunsen burner (Humbolt, catalog number: H-5870)
Vortex (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: Z755621)

Procedure

High-yield spore production of Bacillus subtilis
1. Maintaining axenic conditions of working, put a loop (10 µl) from the glycerol stock culture of the corresponding B. subtilis strain on an LB agar plate, streak the inoculum and incubate ON at 37 °C.
  Note: Bacteria plated on LB agar plates can be stored at 4 °C for two or three weeks. However, for long-term storage, they should be cryopreserved in cultures supplemented with 25% glycerol. The addition of glycerol stabilizes frozen bacteria, preventing damage of cell membranes and keeping cells alive. The cryopreserved Bacillus can be stored stably at -80 °C for several years. To do this, grow B. subtilis for 48 h at 37 °C in DSM broth with shaking (150 rpm) to obtain a high titer of spores per ml. Perform a thermal shock at 80 °C for 15 min to the grown culture (heat-treatment kills all vegetative bacteria that did not sporulate). This heat-treated culture is mixed in equal parts with a 50% glycerol solution (“see Recipe 4”) and mixed gently. Freeze the tubes at -80 °C until use. In this way, the low temperature (-80 °C) and the intrinsic spore robustness will maintain the cryopreserved strain alive and viable for a long time period without affection of bacterial survival due to subsequent freeze and thaw cycles that you could perform in the future. To recover bacteria from your glycerol stock, open the tube and use a sterile loop or pipette tip to scrape some of the frozen bacteria off of the top. It is not needed to let the glycerol bacterial stock completely thaw. Always keep your glycerol bacterial stock on ice while the procedure is carried out. The biggest advantage of working with spores instead of vegetative is, apart from the greater stability over time of the spore, that the thermal treatment that is carried out (80 °C for 15 min) allows the elimination of possible microbial contaminants (that do not form spores) that could have grown or been introduced during handling bacterial cultures.
2. Put 2 ml of sterile DSM broth in a sterile 150 x 20 mm-tube. Inoculate medium with a single colony grown as indicated in the previous step. When it is necessary, add the corresponding antibiotic to the medium.
3. Incubate for 48 h at 37 °C with shaking (150 rpm).
4. To calculate the bacterial cellular yield (number cells, or colony forming units (CFU), per ml), make appropriate serial dilutions of the grown culture, and then plate them on LB agar plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C before CFU counting (see Procedure B).
5. In parallel, check the purity of the grown culture by plating a loop on LB 1.5 % agar plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C.
Preparation of the serial dilutions
1. To begin the procedure, take 100 µl of the cell suspension and add 900 µl of deionized sterile water. Shake, or vortex, the suspension well, and label as ‘10^-1’.
  Note: This step can be used to count both vegetative strains and spores.
2. Before the sample settles, take 100 µl of the cell suspension under axenic conditions with a pipette and transfer it to 900 µl deionized sterile water. Vortex the sample, and label as ‘10^-2’.
3. Repeat this dilution step, using 100 µl of the previous suspension and a 900 µl-deionized sterile water. Label these dilution tubes sequentially until reaching the appropriate dilution (e.g., tubes ‘10^-7’).
4. Spread out using a Drigalski spatula 100 µl of the dilutions 10^-5 to 10^-7 in LB agar plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C by triplicate.
5. The number of CFU per milliliter is calculated with the following equation:
  
  where,
  No. of colonies counted = is the average of the number of colonies present in the three reading plates;
  Volume transferred to the agar plates: is volume plate in ml (in this case it is 0.1 ml);
  Dilution factor: is equal to the final volume divided by the aliquot volume.
Preparation of B. subtilis culture for spreading experiments
1. Add 100 ml of non-sterile LB broth in an Erlenmeyer flask. Autoclave at 121 °C for 20 min. Cool flask and inoculate medium with 8 x 10⁵ C.F.U./ml of a B. subtilis strain grown as indicated in Procedure A. Add the corresponding antibiotic to the medium in case of using isogenic mutant carrying antibiotic resistance.
  Note: For the swarming and sliding experiments, the NCIB3610 strain was utilized instead of the JH642 strain, because the latter strain does not produce the biosurfactant surfactin (Grau et al., 2015) and therefore, it is unable to swarm or slide.
2. Incubate at mid-log at 37 °C (O.D. 575 = 0.5) with shaking (175 rpm). The number of C.F.U. per ml, for the strain JH642, at this growth phase will be around 5 x 10⁷ to 7 x 10⁷. If you use other bacterial strain, you must previously make a calibration (O.D. vs C.F.U.) growth curve to determine the precise O.D. that corresponds to the indicated C.F.U.
Preparation of plate for spreading experiments
1. To assess the type of surface translocation (swarming, sliding) and/or swimming motilities, prepare LB fortified with 0.7% or 0.3% agar, respectively (Recipes 2 and 3).
2. Cool the media at room temperature until ~50 °C approximately.
3. Add 30 ml of the medium to a 10 cm-Petri dish (Figure 1, A-left part).
4. Leave it to solidify at room temperature, not in the refrigerator.
5. Dry for 1 h, in incubator at 37 °C (Figure 1, A-right part).
Notes:
1. When carrying out spreading assay, it is necessary to maintain the experimental conditions for the reproducibility of the experiments. The humidity of the media is one of the factors to control: very little water will result in low motility, while too much humidity can allow the swimming motility in undesired conditions. To control the moisture content, the plates are all prepared with agar medium at a relatively low temperature (~ 50 °C), and made of the same thickness. This prevents water loss by condensation in the lid of the plate. Finally, the spreading plates are dried all together, for the same time (~ 1 h), and in the same drying equipment (i.e., incubator at 37 °C). This procedure avoids, for example, that two plates have different degrees of humidity. The quality of the agar (i.e., manufacturer) affects the test; we recommend not to vary the type of agar during reproduction or repetition of the tests.
2. Always use fresh plates, prepared not longer than 6 h before to perform the assay. Do not store the prepared plates.
3. If the medium is supplemented, check that it does not affect the concentration of needed agar. If that is the case, add sterile water in the same proportion to the medium that has not been supplemented or prepare media with higher concentrations of agar that compensate this dilution.
Spreading assay

Using axenic procedures, inoculate the center of the Petri dish with a 1 µl drop containing, approximately, 6 x 10⁷ cells/ml of the culture grown in Procedure C (Figure 1B).
Note: Deposit the drop on the agar, preventing the drop spattering or punch the agar with the tip. Other instruments can be used to inoculate such as wire inoculation needle or sterile toothpicks, however, they are not recommended because the volume inoculated is not precise and the agar can be easily damaged, which would affect the reproducibility of the technique.
Wait a few minutes for the drop to be absorbed in the agar before incubate (Figure 1C).
Note: The drop must be completely absorbed before incubation so that it does not spill on the agar.
Incubate at 37 °C for 48 h (Figure 1D).
Notes:
1. Do not stack the Petri dishes by more than two, so that the temperature transfer is the same in all the plates.
2. The incubation temperature of the assays can be modified according to the experiment carried out and the bacteria used.
Figure 1. Diagram of the procedure to carry out a spreading assay. A. Scheme of preparation and drying of the plate to be used for the spreading experiments. B. Generation of the bacterial drop to inoculate the spreading plate. C. Correct and incorrect ways to deposit the drop on the culture medium of the spreading plate. D. Scheme of how to incubate the inoculated spreading plates ON.
The developed swimming, swarming, and sliding cellular discs are visualized using stereomicroscope and measuring the diameter of the colony (Figure 2A) as a function of time. Representative pictures from several independent experiments of top-viewed should be taken.
Note: Measure different colony diameters because the growths are usually not circular or uniform. Calculate the averages of the diameters of each time (for example X₁ = (X_1A + X_1B)/2).
Graph the diameter of the bacterial spreading as a function of time (Figure 2B).

Figure 2. Diagram for the determination of the spreading as a function of time. A. Representative pictures from top-viewed of spreading bacteria over a testing plate.The yellow lines evidence the diameter of the colony. B. Graph of the average diameter (e.g., X_1A + X_1B/2 = X₁) of the colony as a function of time. The values shown are mean ± SD of three independent times by quadruplicate.
Note: The appearance of the spreading of strains NCIB3610 and RG4365 is similar between them, being the spreading of NCIB3610 faster than the spreading of RG4365 (data not shown). The strain JH642 is not motile on surfaces over time (e.g., X₁ = X₂ = ..X_i..= X_n). Please refer to Grau et al. (2015) for the detailed information.
The bacterial strain is considered to be mobile when the diameter (d) of the colony is at least 20% greater than the diameter of the colony of the same strain developed in a medium that does not allow any movement over a solid surface (e.g., LB 1.5/2.0% agar) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Analysis of results. Type of B. subtilis motility based on the results obtained. These results can be validated through genetic analysis, for example gene inactivation of hag genes (involved in flagellum synthesis) to confirm or discard flagella-mediated motility or inactivation of eps genes (involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis) to confirm or discard sliding motility.
Notes:
1. For Bacillus, these three types of motilities have been reported so far.
2. Swarming (flagella-hag-dependent EPS-independent) and sliding (flagella-independent EPS-dependent) motilities can occur during development in the same bacterial colony. To know if these bacteria have one or both types of motilities, the following types of experiments can be performed. If you did not observe swimming (flagella-hag-dependent and EPS-independent) type motility but if it does occur in LB supplemented with 0.7% agar, you are facing a possible sliding (flagella-hag-independent and EPS-dependent) type motility. If you observed a proficient motility phenotype in LB supplemented with 0.3% and 0.7% agar concentrations, your strain may have one (sliding) or both types of motilities (sliding and swarming). In order to distinguish between swarming and sliding type motility, a mutation must be made that does not allow the synthesis of flagella (i.e., genetic inactivation of the hag gene), since swarming is flagellar motility dependent, while the sliding is not. Another way to distinguish between swarming and sliding, is the gene inactivation of sliding proficiency (i.e., gene inactivation of genes involved in EPS production that is essential for sliding, without affecting swarming proficiency).

Data analysis

All experiments were performed using a randomized design.
The values shown are mean ± SD of three independent times by quadruplicate.
Use the Student’s t-test with a significance cut-off level of P < 0.05 for comparisons between two groups.
Use the one-factor (ANOVA) variance analysis and correct by the post hoc Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons.
Use the one-factor (ANOVA) to test the null hypothesis that there were no significant differences in the mean of s.d. of the seven strains, followed by Tukey´s post-hoc test.
All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

Recipes

Luria Bertani (LB) 1.5%
1. Dissolve 20 g LB broth and 15 g agar to 1 L of dH₂O
2. Autoclave at 121 °C, 1 atm, for 20 min
3. Store at room temperature
Luria Bertani (LB) 0.3%
1. Dissolve 20 g LB broth and 3 g agar to 1 L of dH₂O
2. Autoclave at 121 °C, 1 atm, for 20 min
3. Store at room temperature
Luria Bertani (LB) 0.7%
1. Dissolve 20 g LB broth and 7 g agar to 1 L of dH₂O
2. Autoclave at 121 °C, 1 atm, for 20 min
3. Store at room temperature
50% glycerol
1. Dissolve 25 ml of pure glycerol (99.5 %) into 25 ml of dH₂O
2. Autoclave at 121 °C, 1 atm, for 20 min
3. Store at room temperature
DSM broth
1. Dissolve 8 g nutrient broth, 1 g KCl and 0.25 g MgSO₄ heptahydrate to 1 L of dH₂O
2. Autoclave at 121 °C, 1 atm, for 20 min
3. Store at room temperature

Acknowledgments

The authors thank CONICET and FONCyT from Argentina, the Fulbright (Washington DC) and Pew (Philadelphia) foundations for their support and technical support. MB and RG are a postdoc fellow and carrier investigator from CONICET, respectively.

Competing interests

The authors have no conflict of interest to report.

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