Materials and Reagents

Materials
1. 1.5 ml Eppendorf^® DNA LoBind microcentrifuge tubes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 0030108051)
2. 100 mm Corning^® tissue-culture treated culture dishes (Corning, catalog number: 430167)
3. 12-well Corning^TMCostar^TM flat bottom cell culture plates (Corning, catalog number: 3513)
4. 15 ml Falcon^TM conical centrifuge tubes (Corning, catalog number: 352096)
5. 6-well plate
Cell lines
1. ATCC^®BHK-21[C13] cells (ATCC, catalog number: CCL-10^TM)
2. Cop5 cells (Tyndall et al., 1981)
Viruses of interest
Note: Prepare the viruses of interest from infectious clones. It is recommended that the virus titer should be prepared between 105 and 107 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml. The viruses listed below are for a demonstration. These viruses are derived from infectious clones, released (passage 0), passaged in BHK-21 cells and stored at -80 °C.
1. RRV-T48
2. RRV-T48_A534V
Viral replicase constructs
Note: Prepare the constructs expressing the viral replicase (non-structural proteins) of the viruses of interest. The constructs listed below are for a demonstration. As shown in the construct map below (Figure 1), the regions encoding the replicase of RRV-T48, RRV-T48_A534V and SFV4 (used as positive control [Nikonov et al., 2013]) were cloned into pMC-gtGTU2 vector, which contains cytomegalovirus early promoter, leader sequence from the thymidine kinase of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) with an inserted synthetic intron and late polyadenylation signal from simian virus 40 (SV40).
1. RRV-T48
2. RRV-T48_A534V
3. SFV
  
  Figure 1. Viral replicase construct map
Reagents
1. Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D5030)
2. Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 51471C)
3. L-Glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G6392)
4. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: F6178)
5. 100x Penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P4333)
6. Tryptose phosphate broth solution (TPB) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T8159)
7. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P5493)
8. 1 M HEPES buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 83264)
9. 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T4049)
10. RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 74104)
11. TRIzol^® Reagent (Invitrogen, catalog number: 15596026)
12. DNase I (Roche, catalog number: 04716728001)
13. PolyATtract^® mRNA Isolation Systems (Promega, catalog number: Z5210)
14. Lipofectamine^TM 2000 reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 11668019)
15. VeriKine Mouse Interferon Beta ELISA Kit (PBL Assay Science, catalog number: 42400-1)
16. pMC-gtGTU2 vector (Nikonov et al., 2013) or any mammalian expression vector (such as pcDNA or pCMV series from Thermo Fisher Scientific)

Equipment

-80 °C freezer
4 °C refrigerator
Vortexer (Bio-Rad)
Pipettes (Bio-Rad, catalog numbers: 166-0506, 166-0507 and 166-0508)
CO₂ incubator (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 4110)
Biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) cabinet
Autoclave (Tuttnauer, ELV-D Line)
UVC5000 Ultraviolet Crosslinker (Hoefer, code number: UVC5000-230V)
Sunrise^TM absorbance microplate reader (Tecan)
Microfuge 16 Centrifuge (Beckman Coulter Life science, catalog number: A46473)

Software

Microsoft Excel or Prism 5

Procedure

The procedure showing the analysis scheme for viral PAMP RNAs is summarized in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Flow chart for viral PAMP RNAs analysis

Analysis for total and classical viral PAMP RNAs
1. Preparation of total RNA samples from infected cells.
  Day -1
  1. Seed 8 x 10⁶ BHK-21 cells on to 100 mm cell culture dish and culture in DMEM with 10% FBS. Maintain the cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ overnight.
  Day 0
  1. Discard the BHK-21 cell growth media and wash the cell monolayer once with PBS. Infect the cells with the viruses of interest. As a demonstration, dilute RRV-T48 and RRV-T48_A534V separately in serum free DMEM for the infection. Infect the BHK-21 cell monolayer by the viruses at Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) 1.0 with a minimum coverage volume (approximately 400 μl for each well in a 6-well plate). Incubate the cells for 1 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ and then maintain the cells in DMEM with 10% FBS for another 6 h.
  2. Extract the total RNA from the infected BHK-21 cells using TRIzol Reagent according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Invitrogen TRIzol^TM Reagent USER GUIDE). Use 1 U DNase I per 1 μg total RNA to treat the extracted RNA for 60 min at 37 °C.
  3. Optional (viruses with non-paired polyA tail): Isolation of non-classical PAMPs. Aliquot 100 μg of the treated RNA into a clean Eppendorf^® DNA LoBind microcentrifuge tube (RNase free). Remove the polyA(+) fraction from the total RNA using PolyATtract mRNA Isolation Systems Kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Promega).
  4. Purify the total, polyA(+) and polyA(-) RNA samples with RNeasy Mini Kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen) and elute the product within 20 μl RNase free water.
  5. UV inactivates the infectious viral RNAs, presented in the obtained samples, for 5 min in a UVC5000 Ultraviolet Crosslinker at 2000 μJ/cm².
  6. Optional: Store the RNA at -80 °C for longer period if needed.
2. Analysis of viral PAMP RNAs
  Day -1
  1. Seed 1 x 10⁶ Cop5 cells into 12-well plate and cultured in IMDM with 10% FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine. Maintain the cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ overnight.
  Day 0
  1. Transfect 1 μg of treated total, polyA(+) or polyA(-) RNAs respectively into confluent cultures of Cop5 cells in 12-well plates using Lipofectamine2000 reagent. Briefly, dilute 3 μl of the Lipofectamine2000 reagent in 100 μl serum free IMDM and incubate for 2-5 min at room temperature. Dilute 1 μg RNA samples in 100 μl serum free IMDM and incubate for 2-5 min at room temperature. Combine the 100 μl diluted Lipofectamine2000 reagent with the 100 μl diluted RNA samples and incubate the RNA-lipid mixture for 5 to 10 min at room temperate to form the RNA-lipid complex. Discard the BHK-21 cell growth media and wash the cell monolayer once with PBS. Add 1 ml serum free IMDM to the cells. Add the RNA-lipid complex drop-wise on top of the medium and gently rock the plate after adding to the mix. Incubate the transfected cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for 24 h.
  Day 1
  1. Collect the supernatant from the transfected Cop5 cells to a 1.5 ml tube. Centrifuge samples at 3,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C to remove the cell debris. Collect the supernatant to a new tube.
  2. Determine the amount of IFN-β produced by the transfected Cop5 cells using VeriKine Mouse IFN Beta ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol together with standard curve.
Analysis for non-classical viral PAMP RNAs
Day -1
1. Seed 1 × 10⁶ Cop5 cells into a 12-well plate and culture in IMDM with 10% FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine. Maintain the cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ overnight.
Day 0
1. Transfect 1 μg of the plasmids encoding for viral replicase of interest into the confluent cultures of Cop5 cells in 12-well plates using Lipofectamine2000 reagent. Use plasmid that expresses inactive replicase (active-site mutant) as a negative control. As a demonstration, transfect RRV-T48, RRV-T48_A534V and SFV4 replicase constructs into the Cop5 cells for the following analysis.
2. Incubate the transfected cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ for 48 h.
Day 2
1. Collect the supernatant from the transfected Cop5 cells to a 1.5 ml tube. Centrifuge samples at 3,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C to remove the cell debris. Collect the supernatant to a new tube.
2. Determine the amount of IFN-β produced by the transfected Cop5 cells using VeriKine Mouse IFN Beta ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (pbl Assay science) together with standard curve. For each independent experiment, normalized the IFN-β levels measured in supernatants from cells transfected with RRV replicase expression plasmids to the amount of IFN-β produced by cells transfected by plasmid expressing SFV replicase.

Data analysis

Collect the data of the amount of IFN-β in Microsoft Excel or Prism 5. Analyze the data using Student’s two-tailed unpaired t-test. As a demonstration, the standard curve for IFN-β ELISA assay was calculated in Table 1. The levels of IFN-β produced by Cop5 cells under the transfection of total viral PAMP RNAs (Figure 3), non-classic viral PAMP RNAs (Figure 4) and the replicase constructs (Figure 5) from RRV-T48 or RRV-T48_A534V were plotted in bar graphs. The corresponding plotting raw data were demonstrated in Tables S1, S2 and S3.

Table 1. IFN-β ELISA assay standard curve. Briefly, seven concentrations of the mouse IFN-β standard were prepared according to the following table. One-hundred microliters per well of interferon standard was added to each well and incubate for 1 h at room temperature. The liquid was removed and washed with wash solution for three times. One-hundred microliters of diluted antibody solution was added to each well and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The contents in the wells were removed and washed with wash solution for three times. One-hundred microliters of diluted HRP Solution was added to the wells and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The contents in the wells were removed and washed with wash solution for three times. One-hundred microliters of the TMB substrate solution was added to the wells and incubated for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. 100 μl of stop solution was added to each well to stop the reaction. The absorbance at 450 nm was determined within 5 min.

Figure 3. IFN-β produced by Cop5 cells by the transfection of total viral PAMP RNAs from RRV-T48 or RRV-T48_A534V. BHK-21 cells were infected with RRV-T48 and RRV-T48_A534V separately at MOI 1.0. Cells were lysed and total RNA was isolated at 6 h post infection. One microgram of each RNA sample was used for transfection of Cop5 cells. The amount of IFN-β in the cell supernatant at 24 h post transfection was determined. IFN-β levels were expressed as the means ±SEM from three experiments (*, P < 0.05 using Student’s two-tailed unpaired t-test).

Figure 4. IFN-β produced by Cop5 cells by the transfection of non-classic viral PAMP RNAs from RRV-T48 or RRV-T48_A534V. BHK-21 cells were infected with RRV-T48 and RRV-T48_A534V separately at MOI 1.0. Cells were lysed and total RNA was isolated at 6 h post infection. Poly(A)- fraction was obtained from isolated RNAs by removal of poly(A)+ RNAs, including viral dsRNA replication forms. 1 μg of each RNA sample was used for transfection of Cop5 cells. The amount of IFN-β in the cell supernatant at 24 h post transfection was determined.

Figure 5. IFN-β produced by Cop5 cells by the transfection of replicase of RRV-T48 or RRV-T48_A534V. Cop5 cells were transfected with plasmids designed to express RRV-T48, RRV-T48_A534V or SFV4. The amount of IFN-β in supernatant was determined at 48 h post transfection. Values obtained for cells transfected with RRV-T48 or RRV-T48_A534V replicase expression plasmids were normalized to values obtained for cells transfected with plasmid expressing SFV4 replicase (taken as 100). Normalized values were shown as the means ±SEM from three experiments (*, P < 0.05 using Student’s two-tailed unpaired t-test).

Acknowledgments

This protocol was originally published in the paper by Nikonov et al., 2013. This study was supported by grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to SM (APP1031024) and Estonian Research Council Grant to AM (IUT20-27). Suresh Mahalingam is the recipient of the NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (ID: APP11544347).

Competing interests

All authors declare no competing interests.

References

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