Published: Vol 9, Iss 10, May 20, 2019 DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3246 Views: 5758
Reviewed by: Anne-Marie Caroline OverstreetKhyati Hitesh ShahRajesh D Gunage
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Abstract
The intestine is endowed with an innate immune system that is required to fight any exogenous bacteria that are swallowed along with the food. The first line of defense that is mounted by the gut epithelium is the release of immune Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), into the lumen. HOCl is produced within 1.5 h of bacterial ingestion and is very labile once released. Therefore, to monitor HOCl production upon ingestion of allochthonous bacteria, one needs a detection system that can quickly and efficiently detect HOCl production in the intestine. While most of the ROS-sensitive probes available in the market detect all kinds of ROS without any distinction, the R19-S fluorescent probe has been developed to specifically detect HOCl. Here, we describe a protocol to monitor HOCl production using this probe in the gut lumen of adult Drosophila upon ingestion of the opportunistic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis.
Keywords: IntestineBackground
The evolutionarily conserved innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogenic bacteria. In the gut, the local innate immune system first produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to damage bacterial wall and slow down the proliferation of ingested bacteria (Kim and Lee, 2014). Then, the visceral mesoderm triggers spasmodic contractions to favor bacterial eviction (Benguettat et al., 2018). The third line of defense is the production of antimicrobial peptides that kill the bacteria (Xia et al., 2017). Finally, the gut is able to regenerate damaged epithelial cells to maintain gut integrity, avoiding bacterial entry into the internal milieu (Bonfini et al., 2016). In Drosophila, the immune ROS are produced by the enterocytes of the anterior midgut in a DUOX-dependent manner between 0.5 and 1.5 h after bacterial ingestion. The main immune ROS to be released in the gut lumen is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) (Lee et al., 2013; Benguettat et al., 2018). Therefore, HOCl monitoring is a good proxy for the gut innate immune response to a microbe. However, HOCl is a very labile compound that quickly disappears once it is released into the lumen. Here, we describe a protocol that we designed to efficiently detect HOCl production in the gut lumen of adult Drosophila upon ingestion of low doses of the Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) opportunistic bacteria. This protocol can equally be used to detect HOCl upon ingestion of any other pathogens and it also can be used to measure HOCl production in the gut of Drosophila larvae.
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Acknowledgments
SH has been supported by the French government, through the UCAJEDI Investments in the Future project managed by the National Research Agency (ANR; reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01). OB was supported by INRA and AG by the CNRS. The procedure presented here was adapted from that of Lee and colleagues from the Won-Jae Lee Lab.
Competing interests
The authors have no conflicts of interest or competing interests.
References
Article Information
Copyright
© 2019 The Authors; exclusive licensee Bio-protocol LLC.
How to cite
Hachfi, S., Benguettat, O. and Gallet, A. (2019). Hypochlorous Acid Staining with R19-S in the Drosophila Intestine upon Ingestion of Opportunistic Bacteria. Bio-protocol 9(10): e3246. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3246.
Category
Immunology > Animal model > Drosophila (Fruit fly)
Cell Biology > Cell imaging > Fluorescence
Biochemistry > Other compound > Reactive oxygen species
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