Sphere Formation (Osteosphere/Sarcopshere) Assay    

Materials and Reagents

1. Osteosarcoma cells (Basu-Roy et al., 2012)
   
2. Trypsin
   
3. Trypan blue from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 15250-061 )
   
4. N2B27-defined serum free medium
   1. DMEM/F-12 1:1 from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 11330-057 )
      
   2. Neurobasal medium from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 21103-049 )
      
   3. Glutamax – from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 35050-061 )
      
   4. 55 mM Beta-mercaptoethanol – from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 21985-023 )
      
   5. B27 serum-free supplement – from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 17504-044 )
      
   6. Ndiff Neuro-2-medium supplement from Millipore (EMD Millipore, catalog number: SCM012 )
      
5. Complete N2B27-medium (see Recipes)
   

Equipment

1. Standard tissue culture equipment
   
2. Ultra-low attachment tissue culture plastic ware from Corning (Corning Incorporated, catalog number: 3473 for 24 well plate; catalog number: 3474 for 96 well plate)
   
3. 40 μM cell trainer from BD Falcon (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352340 )
   
4. Dissecting microscope
   
5. Accumax (Innovative Cell Technologies, model: AM 105 )
   
6. Hemocytometer
   
7. 10-cm plate (Corning Incorporated, catalog number: 3262 )
   

Procedure

1. Plating cells for sphere formation assay
   1. Trypsinize log-phase (actively growing) osteosarcoma cells (or cell of interest) growing under adherent conditions, and neutralize trypsin with serum-containing medium and count live cells after Trypan Blue staining, using a hemocytometer.
      
   2. Take required amount of cell suspension, spin down and resuspend cells at 1,000 live cells ml in N2B27-defined medium. Plate 1 ml cell suspension (1,000 cells) per well in triplicate in 24-well Corning ultra-low attachment plates for 7-10 days in N2B27 defined serum free medium.
      Note: Cell density is critical since too many cells will lead to clumping (and false positive results) and too few cells will not lead to sphere formation. We recommend seeding multiple densities as a pilot experiment to empirically determine best plating cell density before proceeding with the actual experiment. Cell numbers presented here have worked well in our osteosarcoma system. Also make sure that cells are single-cell suspension before plating by checking under microscope.
      
   3. Feed cells every 3 days by adding 50-100 μl medium per well. Do not aspirate medium since medium change is usually not required. Medium lost through evaporation is replenished during feeding. Also, be careful while feeding spheres since vigorous pipetting tends to disassociate the spheres.
      
   4. Check for sphere formation and count spheres in each well after 7-10 days.
      Note: Some cells especially non-transformed cells may require longer incubation of 2-3 weeks to form countable spheres. Spheres can be distinguished from clumps since spheres are uniformly circular whereas clumps look like aggregates that are not uniform in appearance.
      
      
      Figure 1. A typical sphere generated from osteosarcoma cells
      
      
   5. Count spheres under a dissecting microscope. These spheres are called primary spheres.
      Note: Typically, we see 0.1-0.5% of primary cells plated form spheres and 1-5% of transformed cells plated form spheres. Sphere forming frequency is determined by dividing the total number of spheres by the number of cells plated.
      
   6. After counting spheres under dissecting microscope, collect primary spheres by passing through a 40 μm cell strainer. Wash the plate once with PBS and pass the wash through the strainer to collect residual spheres. Do not forget to mention that you have collected spheres whose size is > 40 μm in your methods section.
      Note: Alternatively, you can plate more cells (10,000 cells/ml) - 10 ml cell suspension/10-cm plate or use the same cell density but plate higher volumes, and collect the spheres if you need more spheres. It should be stated here that you might need to increase the number of cells/ml if you plate higher volumes since autocrine and paracrine factors that are secreted by cells get diluted in higher volumes and hence, higher cell numbers might need to be used to compensate for this dilution.
      
   7. After collection of spheres, they can be used for various downstream applications such as protein extraction, RNA isolation, colony assay and re-plating for secondary sphere formation.
      
   8. For re-plating for colony or secondary sphere formation assay, primary spheres can be dissociated into single cells using Accumax according to the manufacturer's protocol. Before re-plating for colony or secondary sphere formation assay, check viability of cells by doing Trypan blue dye exclusion and counting cells using a hemocytometer.
      

Recipes

1. Complete N2B27-medium
   To make complete N2B27-medium, mix
   200 ml DMEM/F-12
   200 ml Neurobasal medium
   1 ml Ndiff Neuro-2-medium supplement
   2 ml Glutamax
   4 ml B27 supplement
   4 ml Penicillin/Streptomycin
   728 μl of Beta-mercaptoethanol
   

Acknowledgments

This investigation was supported by PHS Grants AR051358 from the NIAMS and DE013745 from the NIDCR, and by an NCI UO1 award (to SHO). UBR is a recipient of a fellowship from The Children's Cancer Research Fund in memory of Dr A Rausen. AM is a recipient of a research grant from St Baldrick's Foundation. JAP is a postdoctoral fellow of the American Cancer Society. SHO is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. This protocol is associated with the manuscript Basu-Roy et al. (2012).

References

1. Basu-Roy, U., Ambrosetti, D., Favaro, R., Nicolis, S. K., Mansukhani, A. and Basilico, C. (2010). The transcription factor Sox2 is required for osteoblast self-renewal. Cell Death Differ 17(8): 1345-1353.
   
2. Basu-Roy, U., Seo, E., Ramanathapuram, L., Rapp, T. B., Perry, J. A., Orkin, S. H., Mansukhani, A. and Basilico, C. (2012). Sox2 maintains self renewal of tumor-initiating cells in osteosarcomas. Oncogene 31(18): 2270-2282.