Materials and Reagents

10 µl pipette tips (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 3510 )
200 µl pipette tips (Wolf Laboratories, catalog number: 2100.YN )
1,000 µl pipette tips (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 3580 )
1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes (Corning, Axygen^®, catalog number: MCT-150-C )
PVDF membrane
X-ray film (Advansta, catalog number: L-07014-100 )
5-day-old seedlings
MS salt (Caisson, catalog number: MSP01-50LT )
UltraPure^TM Sucrose (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM, catalog number: 15503022 )
BTH (Acibenzolar-S-methyl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 32820 )
Methanol (VWR, BDH, catalog number: 10158 )
Liquid nitrogen
PIC (Protease Inhibitor Mixture) (Roche Diagnostics, catalog number: 11873580001 )
Tris Base (Caisson, catalog number: T041-1KG )
NaCl (Alfa Aesar, USB, catalog number: J21618 )
EDTA (Alfa Aesar, USB, catalog number: J15701 )
SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfate) (Alfa Aesar, USB, catalog number: J75819 )
Triton X-100 (GE Healthcare, Amerrsham, catalog number: 17-1315-01 )
Glycerol ultrapure (Alfa Aesar, USB, catalog number: J16374 )
Bromophenol Blue (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B5525 )
β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M3148 )
Urea (Alfa Aesar, USB, catalog number: J75826 )
40% Acrylamide/Bis Solution (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 161-0148 )
TEMED (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 161-0801 )
APS (Ammonium persulfate) (USB, catalog number: US76322 )
Non-fat milk powder
ATG8 antibody (Agrisera, catalog number: AS14 2769 )
cFBPase (Agrisera, catalog number: AS04 043 )
Secondary antibody (Anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate, Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A6154 )
Precision Plus Protein^TM Dual Color Standards (Bio-Rad Laboratories, catalog number: 161-0374 )
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) (VWR, catalog number: 144-55-8 )
Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) (USB, catalog number: 21602 )
Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH₂PO₄·H₂O) (USB, catalog number: 20233 )
Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate (Na₂HPO₄·2H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 04272 )
Potassium chloride (KCl) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 31248 )
Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 63158 )
MS liquid medium (see Recipes)
10 mM BTH stock (see Recipes)
25x PIC (see Recipes)
10% (v/v) Triton X-100 (see Recipes)
1 M Tris-HCl stock (pH 6.8 or pH 7.4) (see Recipes)
0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0) (see Recipes)
5x extraction buffer (see Recipes)
1x extraction buffer containing 1x PIC and 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (see Recipes)
5x sample loading dye (see Recipes)
30% APS (see Recipes)
3x separation buffer (see Recipes)
5x stacking buffer (see Recipes)
15% SDS-PAGE gel with 6 M urea (see Recipes)
1. 15% Urea separating gel
2. 5% Stacking gel
Running buffer (see Recipes)
Transfer buffer (see Recipes)
PBS (see Recipes)
PBS-T (see Recipes)

Equipment

Eppendorf Research^® plus Pipette 0.5-10 µl (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3120000020 )
Eppendorf Research^® plus Pipette 10-100 µl (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3120000046 )
Eppendorf Research^® plus Pipette 100-1,000 µl (Eppendorf, catalog number: 3120000062 )
Mortar and pestle
Centrifuge (Eppendorf, model: 5430 )
X-ray film cassette (Amersham Biosciences Hypercassette^TM)
Ultracentrifuge tube (7 x 20 mm)
Ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter, model: Optima^TM MAX-XP )
Western Blotting apparatus (Bio-Rad)
Developer machine (Fujifilm FPM100A)

Procedure

Incubate 0.2 g 5-day Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in MS liquid medium with and without 100 µM BTH (10 mM stock in methanol) for 8 h (see Notes 1 and 2).
Freeze the seedlings in the mortar using liquid nitrogen and grind the plants thoroughly.
Add 2x extraction buffer containing PIC without detergent into the mortar on ice.
After defrost slowly on ice, transfer the liquid to a 1.5 ml tube and centrifuge at 1,000 x g for 5 min, 4 °C.
Transfer the supernatant to an ultracentrifuge tube (7 x 20 mm) and centrifuge at 100,000 x g for 45 min, 4 °C.
Transfer the supernatant (Cell Soluble fraction, CS) into a labeled new Eppendorf tube and keep on ice.
Wash the pallet (Cell Membrane fraction, CM) slightly with the 1x extraction buffer containing 1x PIC for 2-3 times.
Note: In this step, add the 1x extraction buffer slightly without touching the surface of the pallet, and the centrifuge and re-suspend are not required. The main purpose of this step is washing out the remaining CS liquid on the CM surface.
Resuspend the pallet using 1x extraction buffer containing 1x PIC and 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 to solubilize the membranes.
Add the 5x sample loading dye to both of the CS and CM samples.
Boil the samples at 100 °C for 10 min.
Prepare the 15% SDS-PAGE gel with 6 M urea.
Note: Only add the urea in the separating gel.
Load the CM samples and run at 90 V for 3 h with 1x running buffer. Run for additional 30 min at 90 V after the blue band reaches the bottom of the gel (see Notes 3 and 4).
Transfer the proteins from the gel to PVDF membrane at 55 V for 2.5 h with 1x transfer buffer.
After blotting, soak the blotted membrane in 1x PBS with 5% milk powder for 1 h. Wash with PBS-T for 3 times.
Incubate with ATG8 specific primary antibody (4 μg/μl in PBS-T) for 1 h. Wash with PBST for 3 times.
Incubate with the secondary antibody (1:5,000 in PBS-T) for 1 h. Wash with PBS-T for 3 times.
Add Western blotting detecting reagents onto the membrane, and expose it to the X-ray film or use an imaging machine. (Figure1)

Data analysis

As shown in Figure 1, in the wild-type (WT) background, the ATG8-PE from the CM sample increases after BTH induction, with a size about 12-15 kDa, indicating that autophagy is induced with the formation of autophagosomes. However, ATG8-PE is not detected in the ATG5 deficient mutant after autophagic induction, implying that autophagosome formation is inhibited. Differently, a higher level of ATG8-PE was detected in atg9 mutant, suggesting that autophagosome formation might be interrupted at a certain stage. There might be non-specific bands in the ATG8 antibody detection. Also, it should be pointed out that there are multiple isoforms of ATG8 in the Arabidopsis genome with different SDS-PAGE mobilities, resulting the detection of cross-reacting species with similar size to the ATG8-PE adducts and making the results contradictory (Chung et al., 2010). Therefore, it is critical to include both the WT and atg5 samples as the positive and negative controls respectively to identify the correct size of ATG8-PE, as atg5 mutant lacks ATG8-PE but accumulates a large amount of non-lipidated ATG8. Our further examinations under confocal and electron microscopy identified that abnormal tubules labeled by ATG8 accumulated in the atg9 mutant, thus demonstrating that ATG9 is required for autophagosome progression (Zhuang et al., 2017). Therefore, the ATG8 lipidation assay should combine with other approaches such as microscopy analysis to further assess autophagic activity.

Figure 1. ATG8 lipidation detection in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and atg mutants. The 5-day-old wild-type, atg5 and atg9 seedlings were incubated in the MS liquid medium with or without BTH treatment (+B and -B) for 8 hours respectively. Crude extracts were subjected to ultracentrifuge to collect the cell membrane fraction (CM), followed by immunoblotting with plant ATG8 antibody. cFBPase represents the loading control with immunoblotting cFBPase antibodies.

Notes

It is critical to make sure that the seedlings are in good condition without any stress before the autophagic induction, otherwise stressed seedlings will have induced autophagic activity, which may obscure the results.
It is recommended to include known atg mutants defective in ATG8 lipidation (e.g., atg5 or atg7) as negative controls in the lipidation assay.
When running the SDS-PAGE, the urea gel will generate a lot of heat and it should keep at a low voltage, so that the two forms of ATG8 can be well separated.
ATG8-PE only occurs on the membrane fraction, therefore the CM samples are used for detecting the ATG8-PE adducts. The CS fraction with non-lipidated ATG8 could be included in the western blot as a control to distinguish the non-lipidated ATG8 and lipidated ATG8.

Recipes

MS liquid medium (350 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
MS salt
1.515 g
Sucrose
3.5 g
ddH₂O
up to 350 ml
Adjust the pH to 5.7 (with KOH)
10 mM BTH stock (10 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
BTH
0.021 g
Methanol
10 ml
25x PIC (2 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
PIC
one tablet
ddH₂O
2 ml
10% (v/v) Triton X-100 (100ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
Triton X-100
10 ml
ddH₂O
90 ml
1 M Tris-HCl stock (pH 6.8 or pH 7.4) (100 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
Tris Base 12.114 g
ddH₂O
to 100 ml
Adjust pH to 6.8 or 7.4 with conc. HCl
0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0) (100 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
EDTA 16.81 g
ddH₂O
80 ml
Adjust the pH to 8.0 with NaOH (~10 g of NaOH pellets) and add to 100 ml with ddH₂O
5x extraction buffer (10ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) 2.5 ml of 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.4)
750 mM NaCl
0.438 g
5 mM EDTA 0.1 ml of 0.5 M stock
ddH₂O
to 10 ml
1x extraction buffer containing 1x PIC and 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (10 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
1x extraction buffer 2.5 ml of 5x extraction buffer
1x PIC 0.40 ml of 25x PIC
1% (v/v) Triton X-100 1 ml of 10% (v/v) Triton X-100
ddH₂O
to 10 ml
Sample loading dye (5x, 50 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
1 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) 12.5 ml
SDS 5 g
Glycerol 25 ml
Bromophenol Blue
0.25 g
β-mercaptoethanol
6.25 ml
ddH₂O
to 50 ml
30% APS (10 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
APS 3 g
ddH₂O
10 ml
3x separation buffer (1 L)
Components
Volume/Quantity
Tris base 136.2 g
SDS 3 g
ddH₂O
up to 1 L
Adjust the pH to 8.8 with conc. HCl (~10 ml)
5x stacking buffer (500 ml)
Components
Volume/Quantity
Tris base 37.85 g
SDS 2.5 g
ddH₂O
up to 500 ml
Adjust the pH to 6.8 with conc. HCl (~20 ml)
15% SDS-PAGE gel with 6 M urea
1. 15% Urea separating gel (10 ml)
  Components
  Volume/Quantity
  Urea 3.6036 g
  Acry-bis (40%) 3.75 ml
  3x separation buffer
  3.33 ml
  APS (30%) 20 μl
  TEMED 5 μl
  ddH₂O
  up to 10 ml
2. 5% Stacking gel (5 ml)
  Components
  Volume/Quantity
  Acry-bis (40%)
  0.625 ml
  5x stacking buffer
  1 ml
  APS (30%) 20 μl
  TEMED 5 μl
  ddH₂O
  up to 5 ml
Running buffer (10x, 1 L)
Components
Volume/Quantity
Tris Base
30.3 g
Glycine
144 g
SDS 10 g
ddH₂O
up to 1 L
Transfer buffer (10x, 1 L)
Components
Volume/Quantity
NaHCO₃
8.4 g
Na₂CO₃
3.2 g
ddH₂O
up to 1 L
PBS (10x, 2 L)
Components
Volume/Quantity
NaCl
80 g
NaH₂PO₄·H₂O
2.3 g
Na₂HPO₄·2H₂O
13.9 g
KCl 2 g
ddH₂O
up to 2 L
Adjust the pH to 7.4 with 10 N NaOH
PBS-T (1 L)
Components
Volume/Quantity
1x PBS 1 L
Tween-20
0.5 ml

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Zhuang et al., 2017. Fundings from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (G-CUHK402/15, G-CUHK403/17, CUHK14130716, CUHK14102417, C4011-14R, C4012-16E, C4002-17G and AoE/M-05/12) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470294 and 31670179) support this work.

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

References

Chung, T., Phillips, A. R. and Vierstra, R. D. (2010). ATG8 lipidation and ATG8-mediated autophagy in Arabidopsis require ATG12 expressed from the differentially controlled ATG12A AND ATG12B loci. Plant J 62(3): 483-493.
Li, F., Chung, T. and Vierstra, R. D. (2014). AUTOPHAGY-RELATED11 plays a critical role in general autophagy- and senescence-induced mitophagy in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 26(2): 788-807.
Liu, Y. and Bassham, D. C. (2012). Autophagy: pathways for self-eating in plant cells. Annu Rev Plant Biol 63: 215-237.
Mizushima, N., Yoshimori, T. and Levine, B. (2010). Methods in mammalian autophagy research. Cell 140(3): 313-326.
Mizushima, N. and Yoshimori, T. (2007). How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting. Autophagy 3(6): 542-545.
Ohsumi, Y. (2001). Ubiquitin and proteasomes: Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2(3): 211-216.
Suttangkakul, A., Li, F., Chung, T. and Vierstra, R. D. (2011). The ATG1/ATG13 protein kinase complex is both a regulator and a target of autophagic recycling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 23(10): 3761-3779.
Zhuang, X., Chung, K. P., Cui, Y., Lin, W., Gao, C., Kang, B. H. and Jiang, L. (2017). ATG9 regulates autophagosome progression from the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(3): E426-E435.