Establishing Primary Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) Cell Cultures    

Materials and Reagents

1. Surgical specimen or pleural effusion
   
2. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
   
3. Collagenase type XI (300 U/ml) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C9407 )
   
4. Hyaluronidase (100 U/ml) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H4272 )
   
5. DMEM/F12 (1:1)+ GLUTAMAX (Life Technologies, Invitrogen™, catalog number: 10565-018 )
   
6. FBS-non heat inactivated (Life Technologies, catalog number: 10437-028 )
   
7. Human recombinant insulin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: I-5500 )
   
8. Bovine Serum Albumin-Fatty Acid Free (BSA-FAF) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A7030 )
   
9. Non-heat inactivated FBS (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 16000-044 )
   
10. Ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 17850 )
    
11. Red blood lysis buffer (0.8% ammonium chloride) (Life Technologies, catalog number: A10492-01 )
    
12. ACCUTASE (STEMCELL Technologies, catalog number: AT-104 )
    
13. 0.4% trypan blu (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 15250-061 )
    
14. Digestion medium
    

Equipment

1. Cell culture set up
   
2. Scalpels (Becton, Dickinson and Company, catalog number: 371621 )
   
3. Microdissecting forceps
   
4. 5 ml Pasteur pipette (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®)
   
5. 15 ml centrifuge tubes
   
6. 50 ml centrifuge tubes
   
7. Centrifuge capable of running at ≥ 300 x g
   
8. 70 μm nylon mesh (BD Biosciences, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352350 )
   
9. Ultralow attachment dishes (Corning Incorporated, catalog number: 3261 for 100 mm) (or alternatively, sterile Petri dishes non treated for cell culture)
   

Procedure

1. Protocol 1A. Procedure for isolating MPM cells from surgical specimens
   Critical step: The time interval from tumor resection and digestion must be kept to a minimum, ideally ≤ 1 h.
   Critical step: To prevent undesired contamination, work under sterile condition at all steps and whenever possible.
   1. Wash the tumor specimen twice with PBS 1x supplemented with Ciprofloxacin (4 μg/ml) (2 x 40 ml in a 50 ml tube). To disaggregate the solid tumor follow three sequential steps (in a tissue-culture sterile hood):
      1. Manually cut the solid tumor into ≤ 1mm pieces with scalpels in a sterile Petri dish with 1 ml 1x PBS.
         
      2. Enzymatic disaggregation: Re-suspend tumor pieces in a 100 mm cell culture dish with 5 ml of digestion medium (DMEM-F12 + GLUTAMAX supplemented with 1% BSA-FAF and 5 μg/ml human insulin). After resuspension, add collagenase (final concentration 30 U/ml) and hyaluronidase (final concentration 10 U/ml) to the tumor suspension and leave cells in the incubator for 2 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂. Every 15 min re-suspend the semi-digested tumor with a 5 ml sterile Pasteur pipette by gently pipetting up and down to disperse tumor pieces.
         
   2. Filter the digested material through a 70 μm nylon mesh in a 50 ml tube.
      
   3. Transfer the filtered material to a 15 ml centrifuge tube.
      
   4. Spin at 300 x g for 10 min at room temperature (RT).
      
   5. Re-suspend the pellet in fresh medium DMEM F12 (1:1) + GLUTAMAX supplemented with 5% non-heat inactivated FBS, insulin (10 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (4 μg/ml). Count total live cell number with Trypan-Blue exclusion method.
      
   6. Seed cells in low-adhesion cell culture dishes at a cell density ≥ 1-1.5 x 10⁶ cells/ml). Growth cells for 3 weeks and add 25% fresh medium once a week. After 3 weeks, a quite homogeneous population of mesothelioma cells can be observed in culture. These can be propagated (to a limited extent-see below) or harvested for further processing.
      
   
   
2. Protocol 1B. Procedure for isolating MPM cells from pleural effusions
   1. Collect the pleural effusion in 15 ml FALCON tubes diluted 1:1 with 1x PBS supplemented with Ciprofloxacin (4 μg/ml).
      
   2. Harvest cells by centrifugation at 300 x g for 10 min at room temperature (RT). Keep the cell-free medium (supernatant - pleural effusion).
      
   3. Resuspend cells in Red Blood Lysis buffer (10 bed pellet volumes). Incubate for 5 min at room temperature (RT).
      
   4. Centrifuge (300 x g, 10 min) and discard supernatant.
      
   5. Re-suspend the pellet in fresh medium DMEM F12 (1:1) + GLUTAMAX supplemented with 5% non-heat inactivated FBS, insulin (10 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (4 μg/ml) + 30% cell free medium (as from step b). Count total live cell number with Trypan-Blue exclusion method.
      
   6. Seed cells in low-adhesion cell culture dishes at a cell density ≥ 1-1.5 x 10⁶ live cells/ml. Size of the dish must be chosen according to the available number of cells in order to achieve the desired concentration.
      
   7. Grow cells for 3 weeks and add 25% fresh medium once a week. After an average of 3 weeks, a heterogeneous population of mesothelioma cells can be observed in culture. This is mainly composed of adherent and loosely attached cells (Figure 1), which can be propagated (to a limited extent-see below) or harvested for further processing.
      
   
   
3. Protocol 2. Propagation of MPM cell cultures
   For the propagation of the primary cell cultures, always collect both floating (or loosely adherent) and adherent cell subpopulations.
   It is very important to keep conditioned medium during harvesting of the cells and add it back to cell culture during the establishment of the culture (Protocol 1, b) or during propagation of the cells (Protocol 2, a).
   All the volumes listed below refer to 100 mm dishes. Please vary volumes of solutions according the size of the cell culture dishes used.
   1. Collect cell culture medium in a centrifuge tube. Wash the adherent cells with 3-5 ml of 1x PBS and add it to the collected cell culture medium. This contains loosely adherent or floating cells (1x PBS should be ≤ 30% final volume in the collection tube).
      
   2. Wash cells again with 1x PBS, discard 1x PBS and add accutase (1.5 ml/dish).
      
   3. Incubate cells in the incubator for 5 min at 37 °C, 5% CO₂.
      
   4. Harvest Accutase-treated (detached) cells with the collected cell culture medium/PBS 1x washing from step a. Count total live cell number with Trypan-Blue exclusion method.
      
   5. Seed cells in low-adhesion cell culture dishes at a density ≤ 0.5 x 10⁶ live cells/ml). To achieve the required cell concentrations dilute the harvested cells with DMEM F12 (1:1) + GLUTAMAX supplemented with 5% non-heat inactivated FBS, insulin (20 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (4 μg/ml). The dilution medium must represent ≥ of the 50% of the final cell culture volume in the dish.
      
      
      Figure 1. Representative micrograph of a MPM cell culture (from a malignant pleural effusion) at 2 weeks after seeding. Arrows: adherent, fibroblast-like cells. Arrowheads: loosely adherent, rounded cells.
      

Notes

1. Ciprofloxacin prevents contamination of the material from non-sterile handling of the tumor specimens during the harvesting of the sample.
   
2. The obtained tumor digests consist initially of a heterogeneous population, comprising but not limited to Mesothelioma cells, macrophages, Immune infíltrate, stromal cells, adipocytes and remnant red blood cells. However, within 72-96 h from seeding most of the cells in culture consist of mesothelioma cells, since the mentioned accompanying cell subpopulations will not propagate in the experimental conditions used here, as revealed by morphological observations and clonogenic assays (Canino et al., 2012) The obtained populations have been shown to origínate MPM-like tumors when injected into NOD/SCID mice with very high resemblance to the originating tumor (Canino et al., 2012).
   
3. A typical yield of 1 x 10⁶ cells can be obtained from a 100 mg solid specimen. A typical yield of 10 x 10⁶ cells can be obtained from 30 to 5 ml freshly collected pleural effusion (after red blood lysis removal).
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Canino et al. (2012). We acknowledge funding from INAIL (Italian Workers Compensation Authority) and AIRC-ROC and to GB.

References

1. Canino, C., Mori, F., Cambria, A., Diamantini, A., Germoni, S., Alessandrini, G., Borsellino, G., Galati, R., Battistini, L., Blandino, R., Facciolo, F., Citro, G., Strano, S., Muti, P., Blandino, G. and Cioce, M. (2012). SASP mediates chemoresistance and tumor-initiating-activity of mesothelioma cells. Oncogene 31(26): 3148-3163.
   
2. Cioce, M., Gherardi, S., Viglietto, G., Strano, S., Blandino, G., Muti, P. and Ciliberto, G. (2010). Mammosphere-forming cells from breast cancer cell lines as a tool for the identification of CSC-like- and early progenitor-targeting drugs. Cell Cycle 9(14): 2878-2887.