Glycogen and Extracellular Glucose Estimation from Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips (20 µl-1 ml, autoclaved)
   
2. Aluminum foil
   
3. 1.5 and 2 ml Eppendorf tubes (autoclaved)
   
4. 0.45 µm filter
   
5. Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (WT, mutant D95 & C95)
   Note: For more information about these strains, please see Data analysis A4.
   
6. Sulfuric acid (ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S1526 )
   
7. Nitrogen
   
8. Ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 362808-1L )
   
9. Glycogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: R0561 )
   
10. Amyloglucosidase (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 10115-1G-F )
    
11. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: ST0840 )
    
12. Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10019918 )
    
13. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 10011018 )
    
14. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: SB0617 )
    
15. Potassium phosphate dibasic (K₂HPO₄) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: PB0447 )
    
16. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄·7H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: MT0864 )
    
17. Ferric ammonium sulphate (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: A502657 )
    
18. Citric acid (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: C0529 )
    
19. Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: CT1331 )
    
20. EDTA-Na₂ (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: E0105 )
    
21. Boric acid (H₃BO₃) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: BB0044 )
    
22. Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: A500331 )
    
23. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: A602906 )
    
24. Sodium molybdate dehydrate (Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: SB0865 )
    
25. Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: A501425 )
    
26. Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: CB7774 )
    
27. Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous (Na₂S₂O₃) (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: S1712 )
    
28. D-glucose (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: 501991 )
    
29. Glucose standard solution (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G3285 )
    
30. Benzoic acid (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, catalog number: 30018615 )
    
31. Glucose oxidase/peroxidase (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G3660 )
    
32. o-Dianisidine reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D2679 )
    
33. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P6310 )
    
34. Sodium acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S2889 )
    
35. TES, N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (Sangon Biotech, catalog number: TB0927 )
    
36. BG-11 media (see Recipes)
    
37. D-Glucose (see Recipes)
    
38. Assay reagent (see Recipes)
    
39. 30% (w/v) KOH (see Recipes)
    
40. 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Conical flasks (100, 200, 500 ml) (SHUNIU, Chengdu, China)
   
2. Vortex (FINE PCR, model: Finevortex )
   
3. Centrifuge machine, unrefrigerated, maximum speed 17,000 x g, with rotor for microtubes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: Heraeues^TM Pico^TM 17 )
   
4. Glass test tubes 18 x 150 mm
   
5. Spectrophotometer (METASH, model: V-5600 )
   
6. 1 ml glass cuvettes (METASH)
   
7. Pipettes (20 µl, 200 µl, 1 ml, 5 ml) (Gilson, France)
   
8. Water baths (temperature set at 37 ± 1 °C; 60 °C; 92 °C) (Meier, model: XMTD-204 )
   
9. Shaking light-incubator (light:up to 150 µmoles/m²/sec; temperature: 20-50 °C) (Shanghai Zhichu, model: ZQWY-200G )
   
10. Freeze dryer (Labconco, model: FreeZone Plus 6 )
    
11. Oven, 60 °C (Boxun, model: GZX-9140MBE )
    
12. Autoclave (Boxun, model: YXQ-LS-100SII )
    
13. pH meter (Mettler Toledo, model: FE 20 )
    
14. Swimming holders
    

Software

1. GraphPad PRISM (Version 5.01)

Procedure

1. Cultivation of cyanobacteria
   1. Cyanobacterium (Synechocystis) cell stocks are kept at -80 °C in 20% glycerol. Add ~100 µl of the frozen stock to 50 ml BG-11 media (see Recipe 1) in a 100 ml conical flask. Grow a starter culture for 3-4 days (until OD₇₃₀ is around 0.5) under white light (25 μmol m^-2 sec^-1) in a light-incubator at 30 °C with shaking at 150 rmp. To conduct glucose consumption and glycogen estimation experiments, make a fresh culture in 100 ml BG-11 media in a 200 ml conical flask with an initial OD₇₃₀ of 0.1 and incubate in a photo-incubator under the same conditions mentioned above.
      
   2. When the OD₇₃₀ is around 0.4 (it usually takes ~36 h), 1 ml (0.5 M) sterile D-glucose solution (see Recipe 2) is added to the 100 ml culture media to get a final glucose concentration of 5 mM. Grow cultures in two conditions: (1) Dark-glucose condition, in which the conical flask is wrapped with aluminum foil and (2) Light-glucose condition in which the conical flask is not wrapped in foil. Collect a sample for glucose and glycogen measurement every 24 h from both conditions.
      
   3. For each 2 ml collection, transfer it to a 2 ml Eppendorf tube, measure the OD₇₃₀ using a spectrophotometer and record it. Centrifuge the 2 ml samples at 17,000 x g for 2 min at room temperature and transfer the supernatant to a separate 2 ml Eppendorf tube. The supernatant is used for assaying glucose and the rest is used for assaying glycogen (more details in glycogen measurement section).
   
   
2. Extracellular glucose measurement
   1. The sample from Step A3 is used to assay for glucose (Table 1)
      
      Table 1. Experimental design for extracellular glucose test
      
      Note: We take 5 biological & 3 technical replicates for each experiment.
      
      
   2. Open the spectrophotometer. Add 2 ml assay reagent (see Recipe 3) to each tube. Mix thoroughly by vortexing. Add 500 µl of samples and standard to cuvettes and measure the absorbance at 540 nm against the blank. Record as ‘initial reading’.
      
   3. Place the tubes in a water bath at 37 °C for exactly 30 min. Stop the reaction by adding 2 ml of 12 N H₂SO₄ (add the acid in the chemical hood for safety) and mix thoroughly with extra care by vortexing. To get the exact incubation duration, keep a 30-60 sec interval of pipetting of blank, standard and test samples. The presence of glucose results in the development of pink color (Figures 1A and 1B). The more glucose in the sample, the stronger the pink color looks.
      
   4. The OD at 540 is measured after 30 min against the blank and recorded as ‘final reading’.
      Note: The Step B4 should be performed immediately after Step B3. The time interval should be maintained strictly equal.
   
   
   Figure 1. Quantitative assay of extracellular glucose from growth medium. Three replicates are shown for WT (panel A) and a mutant cyanobacterium (panel B). In principle, glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide by glucose oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide then reacts with reduced o-Dianisidine in the presence of peroxidase to form a brown colored oxidized o-Dianisidine. Oxidized o-Dianisidine reacts with sulfuric acid to form a more stable pink-colored product. The intensity of the pink color measured at 540 nm is proportional to the original glucose concentration. Thus, the pink color indicates the presence of glucose, whereas the white/clear color indicates very little glucose. The results are also available in Khan et al., 2016.
   
   
3. Glycogen measurement
   1. Use the sample collected in Step A3. Calculate the approximate cell number from the OD₇₃₀ value as follows; OD₇₃₀ value of 1.0 can be taken as 1.03 x 10⁸ cells per ml. Centrifuge approximately 3 x 10⁹ cells from wild type and mutant Synechocystis cultures each at 1,700 x g for 2 min. Remove the supernatant. Wash the pellet each with 1 ml sterile ddH₂O two times. Immediately, move the cell pellet to -80 °C for 5 min to stop the metabolism.
      
   2. Next, place the cell pellet in a freeze dryer at -70 °C overnight under a continuous flow of nitrogen. On the next day, after drying ~14 h in the freeze dryer, weigh the dried cell pellet and record the weight.
      
   3. Resuspend the dried cell pellet in 1 ml of 30% (w/v) KOH (see Recipe 4). Mix completely by pipetting (3 to 5 min).
      
   4. Place the mixture in a 97 °C water bath for 2 h with swimming holder (set the water bath in advance to make sure the temperature is correct).
      
   5. Divide the 1 ml of 30% KOH-suspended sample into two separate Eppendorf tubes, each with 500 µl. Add ~1.3 ml ice cold ethanol to a final concentration of 70-75%. Incubate on ice for 2 h.
      
   6. Centrifuge the mixture at 17,000 x g for 2 min at room temperature. Remove the supernatant while being careful not to disturb the pellet at the bottom of the tube. Wash the pellet three times with 98% ethanol. The pellet seen at the bottom of the Eppendorf tube is glycogen.
      
   7. Open the lid of the Eppendorf tube and place in a 60 °C oven for 10-20 min (depends on how long it takes to dry completely).
      
   8. Resuspend the dried pellet in 0.5 ml 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) (see Recipe 5). If two tubes contain the same sample (divided in Step C5), they can be added together to get a volume of 1 ml. Dissolve a fixed amount of glycogen (0.005 mg) in 1 ml 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5). This is the STD_glyc.
      
   9. Add 2 mg amyloglucosidase to the 1 ml suspension obtained in the Step C8 (final concentration 2 mg/ml). Incubate in a 60 °C water bath for 2 h. Amyloglucosidase hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose.
      
   10. Measure the glucose following Steps B4 to B7 described in ‘Procedure B’.

Data analysis

1. Extracellular glucose measurement
   1. The difference between the ‘final reading’ and ‘initial reading’ is calculated for the standard (ΔA₅₄₀STD) and test samples (ΔA₅₄₀Sample). The amount of glucose can be calculated using the equation below:
      Mg glucose = (ΔA₅₄₀Sample) x (amount of glucose in 0.05 ml standard solution/ΔA₅₄₀STD).
      
   2. The amount of glucose obtained is converted into mMol and normalized by dividing the OD₇₃₀ recorded in Step A3. For each sample, we use five biological and three technical replicates.
      
   3. Open the GraphPad PRISM (Version 5.01) software (the interface of the software is shown in Figure 2). Select ‘grouped’ from the ‘New Graph & Table’ list. Select ‘start with an empty data table’ from the ‘Sample data’ option. Select ‘Interleaved Bar, Vertical’ from the “Choose a Graph’ option. From the ‘Y subcolumns for replicates or error bars’ option, select ‘Enter’ with 5 replicates. Select ‘Mean with SEM’ from the ‘Plot’ option and then click on ‘create’.
      
      
      Figure 2. The interface of the GraphPad PRISM software
      
      
   4. A page will open with 5 empty boxes on the top under the single title A (A:Y1, A:Y2, A:Y3, A:Y4, A:Y5). A series of titles will appear on the left marked with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Replace the label of title “A” with “WT”, “B” with “D95” and “C” with “C95”. The left title series are labeled with the corresponding time points: 0 h, 24 h, etc. The mean value of the three technical replicates is put in the box and there are five boxes for five biological replicates. Likewise, data for D95 and C95 are also placed in the boxes marked with title D95 and C95. D95 is a mutant in which the slr089 gene has been deleted, which results in this mutant having different responses to glucose metabolism compared to wild type. C95 is a strain where the endogenous slr0895 gene is deleted, but it is complemented with a wild type version of the slr089 gene linked to a different antibiotic resistance marker that was used to delete the slr089 gene in strain D95. C95 has wild type glucose metabolic activity. Analyses are performed by clicking the ‘Analysis’ option on the top of the page. The statistics can be viewed by clicking the ‘Result’ option on the left. The graph can be viewed by clicking on the ‘Graph’ option on the left of the page. Figure 3A can be copied by right clicking and selecting copy.
      
      
      Figure 3. Data analysis and presentation of extracellular glucose (A), and glycogen (B) estimation from wild type and different mutant strains of cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (see details in Data analysis A4). The results have been published in Scientific Report and more information on the mutants can be found in Khan et al. (2016).
      
   
   Schematic presentation of the reaction:
   
   
   
2. Glycogen measurement from cyanobacteria
   1. The amount of glycogen is calculated using the formula below:
      Amount of glycogen (mg) in test sample = (amount of glucose of test sample) x (0.005/amount of glucose obtained from STD_glyc).
      The amount of glycogen calculated is multiplied by 1,000 to convert the unit from mg to µg.
      
   2. The glycogen calculated in µg is normalized by dividing by the dry weight measured in Step C2 (Procedure section). To get reliable data, we use five biological and three technical replicates for each sample including the glycogen standard (STD_glyc). We make an average of glucose obtained from STD_glyc replicates before using in Step C1.
      
   3. Statistical analyses are performed following Steps A3 to A5 in the Data analysis section and sample results are shown in Figure 3B.

Recipes

1. BG-11 media preparation
   1. Step 1: The stock solutions are prepared according to the composition given in Table 2 which were based on the solutions reported by Stainer et al. (1971). Autoclave the stock solutions. Wrap stock 3 with aluminum foil to protect from light. Store the stock solutions at room temperature
      
      Table 2. BG-11 media composition
      
      
      
   2. Step 2: To prepare 1 L of media, add 1 ml from each stock. Next, add 0.02 g/L of Na₂CO₃ and 1.5 g/L of NaNO₃. The pH was adjusted to ~7.5 using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
      
   3. Step 3: Pour the media into a conical flask and autoclave using the liquid media cycle
      
2. D-Glucose
   Dissolve 1.350 g D-glucose in 15 ml of dH₂O to make 0.5 M stock
   Sterilize using a 0.45 µm filter
   
3. Assay reagent
   Add 0.8 ml of the o-Dianisidine reagent to an amber bottle containing 39.2 ml of glucose oxidase/peroxidase reagent
   Invert the bottle several times to mix
   Minimize exposure to light
   This solution is stable for up to 1 month at 2-8 °C
   Discard if turbidity develops or color forms
   
4. 30% (w/v) KOH preparation
   Dissolve 15 g of KOH in 50 ml ddH₂O to prepare a 30% (w/v) KOH solution
   Store at room temperature
   
5. 100 mM sodium acetate preparation
   Dissolve 0.4102 g sodium acetate in 50 ml water to get a final concentration of 100 mM
   Adjust the pH to 4.5 using NaOH or HCl
   Store at room temperature
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol is an adapted version of the method described by Grundel et al. (2012). This work was supported by the 973 Program (2011CBA00803), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671504, 81421061), and the National Key Technology R&D Program (2012BAI01B09).
Authors declare no any conflicts of interest or competing interests.

References

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2. Bloye, S. A., Silman, N. J., Mann, N. H. and Carr, N. G. (1992). Bicarbonate concentration by Synechocystis PCC6803: Modulation of protein phosphorylation and inorganic carbon transport by glucose. Plant Physiol 99(2): 601-606.
   
3. Grundel, M., Scheunemann, R., Lockau, W. and Zilliges, Y. (2012). Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic overflow reactions and affects stress responses in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Microbiology 158(Pt 12): 3032-3043.
   
4. Kaplan, A. and Reinhold, L. (1999). CO₂ concentrating mechanisms in photosynthetic microorganisms. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50: 539-570.
   
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10. Takahashi, H., Uchimiya, H. and Hihara, Y. (2008). Difference in metabolite levels between photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic cultures of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 examined by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Exp Bot 59(11): 3009-3018.
    
11. Stanier, R. Y., Kunisawa, R., Mandel, M. and Cohen-Bazire, G. (1971). Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales). Bacteriol Rev 35(2): 171-205.