Materials and Reagents

Reaction tubes 1.5 ml (Greiner Bio one, catalog number: 616201 )
Scintillation vials 20 ml (PerkinElmer, catalog number: 6000477 )
200 µl pipette tips
1 ml pipette tips
Microfuge tubes
Trypsin/EDTA, 0.05% trypsin/0.53 mM EDTA in HBSS (w/o) calcium and magnesium (Mediatech, catalog number: 25-051-CI )
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 10270106 )
Penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15140122 )
[³H-methyl]-choline (specific activity 2.22-3.33 TBq/mmol) (American Radiolabelled Chemicals, catalog number: ART 0197-1 mCi )
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 10x) diluted 10x with water (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12579099 )
Tissue culture medium Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with glutamax (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 31966021 )
Methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 34860 )
Chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C2432 )
Trizma-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 7.4 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T2194 )
Scintillation fluid Ultima Gold XR (PerkinElmer, catalog number: 6013329 )
Bicinchoninic Acid Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: BCA1 )
Zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO₄·H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 96495 )
Barium hydroxide octahydrate [Ba(OH)₂·8H₂O] (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B2507 )
[³H-methyl]-choline in medium (see Recipes)
5% ZnSO₄ (w/v) (see Recipes)
Ba(OH)₂ solution (see Recipes)
HCl (1 N) (see Recipes)
NaOH (1 N) (see Recipes)

Equipment

Tissue culture flasks 80 cm² growth surface (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 178905 )
Tissue culture flasks 25 cm² growth surface (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, catalog number: 136196 )
Incubator (CO₂) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 15311035 )
Centrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Scientific^TM, model: Heraeus Fresco 21 )
Scintillation counter (PerkinElmer, model: tricarb 4910 )
Pipettes P1000 (Gilson, catalog number: F123602 )
Pipettes P200 (Gilson, catalog number: F132601 )
Pipettes P20 (Gilson, catalog number: F132600 )
Vortex mixer (Whirlimix) (Cole-Parmer Instrument, catalog number: UY-04726-01 )

Procedure

Grow (adherent) cells until 80% confluent in 80 cm² tissue culture flasks.
Detach cells with a solution of 0.05% trypsin: EDTA (5 ml) and neutralise with same volume of medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/100 ml).
Add 1 ml of cell suspension containing 0.5 x 10⁶ cells (this is for cells with doubling times of about 48 h – if the doubling time is slower or faster adjust seeding number accordingly so that the cells are 60-80% confluent on the day of measurement of [³H-methyl]-choline uptake) to each* 25 cm² tissue culture flask required and make up to 5 ml with medium.
*Note: Typically triplicates are used for each treatment and also for control (untreated) so if an experiment compares the effect of two treatments on lipid metabolism then 9 flasks need to be seeded with cells.
Incubate flasks for 24 h at 37 °C in a CO₂ with a humidified gas mix of 5% CO₂:95% air incubator after which they can be treated with drugs if desired.
After the desired drug incubation period remove medium and add 1 ml of medium containing [³H-methyl]-choline (37 KBq/ml) – see Recipe 1. Incubate for 15 min at 37 °C.
Note: Residual media in the flasks will dilute the added radioactive medium so fully remove by suction.
At the end of the incubation period with [³H-methyl]-choline rapidly add 5 ml of ice cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and discard by inverting the flask into a sink (designated for aqueous radioactive waste) and rinse 3 more times with ice-cold PBS (5 ml).
The cells are then incubated for 1 h with fresh 1 ml of non-radioactive medium (chase). During this time the [³H-methyl]-choline moves through the phosphatidylcholine anabolic pathway and accumulates as phosphatidylcholine and its catabolites.
At the end of the chase period the media is collected and the cells washed 2 x with 0.2 ml PBS and the washes pooled with the medium. Radioactivity is counted in the pooled media/washes by adding to a scintillation vial containing scintillation fluid (at a ratio of 1:10 solution:scintillation fluid) and measuring in the liquid scintillation counter. This is carried out so that the amount of activity that has been lost by efflux during the chase period can be determined if required.
The cells are then detached by addition of 0.3 ml of a solution of 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (Gibco UK) and incubation to allow detachment to occur followed by neutralization of trypsin with 0.3 ml of medium containing 10% FBS.
Using a P1000 pipette transfer the cell suspension to a reaction tube.
Centrifuge the cells at 1,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C then the media is removed and retained. During the trypsin treatment some of the cytosolic contents may leak out of the cells so if a measure of total activity in the cell is required the activity in the post-trypsinisation washes should be measured.
The cells are then lysed by resuspension in 0.25 ml of methanol (MeOH):CHCl₃ (2:1) and placing on ice for 1 h after briefly vortex mixing.
The cell contents are fractionated into aqueous and lipid soluble phases by addition of 0.125 ml of CHCl₃ and 0.125 ml of Tris buffer (10 mM) to the lysed cells and separating by centrifuging at 10,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
The aqueous (upper phase) is then collected into a separate tube (see Figure 1). Removal of the aqueous phases is aided by tilting the tube at about a 45° angle and drawing off the liquid into a 200 µl pipette tip (using a P200 Gilson pipette). The aqueous volumes are typically 0.5 ml so repeated fillings of the 200 µl pipette tip are required but the smaller tip is more controllable than using a 1 ml pipette tip.

Figure 1. Appearance of the aqueous and lipid phases and precipitated protein interface after centrifugation. A. The aqueous (upper), protein interface and lipid (lower) phases after centrifugation and B. after removal of the aqueous phase.
The lipid (lower phase), containing the fraction of [³H-methyl]-choline incorporated into lipid, is removed, leaving behind the protein precipitate, placed in a scintillation vial with scintillation fluid (at a 1:10 ratio of lipid phase to scintillation fluid) mixed and the activity counted in the liquid scintillation counter. Removal of the lower phase can be tricky as it consists mainly of chloroform which, being heavy, can leak out of the pipette tip but is achieved by gently drawing up the fluid into a 200 µl pipette tip using a P200 pipette and transferring rapidly to the scintillation vial (keeping close at hand). A 200 µl tip is preferable to a 1 ml tip as it’s easier to draw up the small fiddly volumes (typically 0.3 ml).
The residual solvents in the tube now containing just the protein precipitate is left to dry at room temperature and then the pellet is dissolved overnight in 100 μl of NaOH (1 N).
Note: Complete drying is important as the solvents may interfere with the protein assay. Drying can be speeded up by placing in an incubator at 37 °C.
After addition of 100 µl of HCl (1 N) to neutralise the NaOH, the amount of protein in the sample is then determined using a protein assay kit (e.g., Bicinchoninic Acid Kit) and following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Discrimination of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated [³H-methyl]-choline in the aqueous phase from step 13 (adapted from Kletzien and Perdue, 1974) (This technique can also be used to discrimination of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated in the cell washes from step 10 or the media from step 7):
1. The total volume of the aqueous phase is determined by iteratively drawing the liquid into a pipette tip on a P1000 pipette and adjusting the volume until the pipette tip is fully loaded when all the liquid has been drawn up into the pipette tip.
2. Two 100 µl samples of the liquid is placed in two microfuge tubes. To one of them is added 200 μl of water and after vortex mixing 100 µl is placed in a scintillation vial containing 1 ml of scintillation fluid (1:10 ratio of liquid to scintillation fluid) and the radioactivity counted. This is the total phosphorylated + non-phosphorylated [³H-methyl]-choline in 33.3 µl of the aqueous phase.
3. To the other 100 µl sample is added, each of 100 µl of ZnSO₄ (5%, w/v) and 100 μl of 0.3 M Ba(OH)₂. After mixing on a vortex for 5 min the precipitated phosphates (including those containing [³H-methyl]-choline phosphates) are pelleted by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 10 min and 100 µl of supernatant is removed to a scintillation vial containing 1 ml of scintillation fluid (1:10 ratio of liquid to scintillation fluid) to determine non-phosphorylated [³H-methyl]-choline by radioactivity counting in the scintillation counter.
4. The amount of [³H-methyl]-choline in 33.3 µl of aqueous phase is determined by subtracting the non-phosphorylated [³H-methyl]-choline from the total [³H-methyl]-choline from step 18b.

Data analysis

Incorporation of [³H-methyl]-choline into lipid: The incorporation of [³H-methyl]-choline into lipid is then normalised for cell number by dividing the radioactive counts in the lipid fraction by the protein content (in mg).
Incorporation of [³H-methyl]-choline into the aqueous phase: The incorporation of [³H-methyl]-choline into aqueous components is determined by correcting the radioactive counts in the aqueous phases for dilution. Steps 17a-17d determined the amount of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated [³H-methyl]-choline in 33.3 µl of the aqueous phase. To obtain the total amounts of each in the aqueous phase multiply by the volume of the aqueous phase in µl divided by 33.3. Both the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated components are normalized for the total protein content determined for the corresponding sample. The data can be displayed as a histogram, e.g., Figure 2.

Figure 2. Representation of typical data showing [³H-methyl]-choline incorporation by untreated (C) and metformin(M)-treated tumour cells in the absence (black) and presence (white) of an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C
Note: The details of number of sample replicates, number of independent experiments and statistical tests recommended for this type of work can be found in Smith and Phyu (2016).

Recipes

[³H-methyl]-choline in medium (make up fresh for each experiment)
Each flask will require 1 ml of medium containing 37 KBq of [³H-methyl]-choline
Using a G20 pipette add the requisite volume of [³H-methyl]-choline to the requisite volume of medium for an experiment. E.g., if the experiment involves 9 flasks, add 9 x 37 KBq of [³H-methyl]-choline to 9 ml of medium.
Notes:
1. Personal protective equipment (gloves and goggles) should be worn at all times when handling radioactivity.
2. Pipette tips used to transfer radioactive liquids should be washed several times with water before disposal.
5% ZnSO₄ (w/v)
0.5 g ZnSO₄
10 ml water
Ba(OH)₂ solution (0.3 M)
1.71 g Ba(OH)₂
10 ml water
HCl (1 N)
8.2 ml of concentrated (37%) HCl
100 ml water
NaOH (1 N)
4.0 g NaOH
100 ml water

Acknowledgments

The work described herein was funded by a grant from Grampian Hospital NHS Endowment. This work is modified from earlier studies by the author’s group (Al-Saeedi et al., 2005)

References

Cui, Z. and Houweling, M. (2002). Phosphatidylcholine and cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta 1585(2-3): 87-96.
Gibellini, F. and Smith, T. K. (2010). The kennedy pathway - De novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. IUBMB LIFE 62: 414-428.
Kletzien, R. F. and Perdue, J. F. (1974). Sugar transport in chick embryo fibroblasts. I. A functional change in the plasma membrane associated with the rate of cell growth. J Biol Chem 249(11): 3366-3374.
Ide, Y., Waki, M., Hayasaka, T., Nishio, T., Morita, Y., Tanaka, H., Sasaki, T., Koizumi, K., Matsunuma, R., Hosokawa, Y., Ogura, H., Shiiya, N. and Setou, M. (2013). Human breast cancer tissues contain abundant phosphatidylcholine(36:1) with high Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 expression. PLOS ONE 8(4): e61204.
Mori, N., Wildes, F., Kakkad, S., Jacob, D., Solaiyappan, M., Glunde, K. and Bhujwalla, Z. M. (2015). Choline kinase-α protein and phosphatidylcholine but not phosphocholine are required for breast cancer cell survival. NMR Biomed 28(12): 1697-1706.
Podo, F., Saradanelli, F., Iorio, E., Canese, R., Carpinelli, G., Fausto, A. and Canevari, S. (2007). Abnormal choline phospholipid metabolism in breast and ovary cancer: molecular bases for noninvasive imaging approaches. Curr Med Imaging Rev 3(2): 123-137.
Saeedi, F. A., Welch, A. E. and Smith, T. A. D. (2005). [methyl-³H]-choline incorporation into MCF7 tumour cells: correlation with proliferation. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 32(6):660-667.
Smith, T. A. and Phyu, S. M. (2016). Metformin decouples phospholipid metabolism in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 11(3): e0151179.