TUNEL Assay in Kiwifruit Stigmatic Arms   

Materials and Reagents

1. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) (Panreac Applichem)
   
2. Acetone [(CH₃)₂CO] (Panreac Applichem)
   
3. ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit (Clontech, catalog number: 630107 )
   
4. (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxy-silane (APTES) (C₉H₂₃NO₃Si) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 440140 )
   
5. Cellulase Onozuka RS (Duchefa Biochemie, catalog number: C8003 )
   
6. Citifluor Solid Mountant kit (Agar Scientific, catalog number: AGR1326 )
   
7. Clear nail polish
   
8. Deionized H₂O (Milli-Q H₂O)
   
9. Distilled water
   
10. Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄) (Duchefa Biochemie)
    
11. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈) (Duchefa Biochemie)
    
12. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) (Panreac Applichem)
    
13. Formaldehyde (HCHO) (36.5-38%) (Panreac Applichem, catalog number: 48 131328 )
    
14. Monobasic potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) (Duchefa Biochemie)
    
15. Paraffin (Panreac Applichem, catalog number: 253211 )
    
16. Paraformaldehyde [(HCHO)_n] (Panreac Applichem, catalog number: 141451 )
    
17. Potassium chloride (KCl) (Duchefa Biochemie)
    
18. Propidium iodide (PI) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P4864 )
    
19. Proteinase K (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P4850 )
    
20. Recombinant DNase I (RNase-free) (TAKARA BIO, catalog number: 2270A )
    
21. Sodium chloride (NaCl) (Duchefa Biochemie)
    
22. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (Panreac Applichem)
    
23. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich)
    
24. Tertiary butyl alcohol/2-Methyl-2-Propanol (TBA) [(CH₃)₃COH] (Panreac Applichem, catalog number: 141903 )
    
25. Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) [NH₂C(CH₂OH)₃·HCl] (Duchefa Biochemie)
    
26. Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich)
    
27. Xylene [C₆H₄(CH₃)₂] (Panreac Applichem)
    
28. Fixing solution (see Recipes)
    
29. TBA solutions (see Recipes)
    
30. TBA:paraffin (see Recipes)
    
31. Formulated water (see Recipes)
    
32. APTES-coated slides (see Recipes)
    
33. 1x PBS buffer (see Recipes)
    
34. 4% formaldehyde in 1x PBS buffer (see Recipes)
    
35. 2% Cellulase Onozuka in 1x PBS buffer (see Recipes)
    
36. 0.5% Triton X-100 in 1x PBS buffer (see Recipes)
    
37. Tris-HCl (see Recipes)
    
38. EDTA (see Recipes)
    
39. 100 mM Tris-HCl (see Recipes)
    
40. Proteinase K solution (see Recipes)
    
41. 1x DNase I buffer (see Recipes)
    
42. 1,500 U/ml DNase I (see Recipes)
    
43. PI solution (see Recipes)
    
44. Anti-Fade reagent (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. 15 ml tubes
   
2. 100 ml darkened bottles
   
3. 100 ml darkened glass bottles
   
4. 100 ml glass flasks
   
5. 200 ml glass Coplin jars
   
6. 250 ml glass jars
   
7. Autoclave
   
8. Filters sterile Filtropur S 0.2 (SARSTEDT AG)
   
9. Flat surface (wall tile)
   
10. Forceps
    
11. Fume hood
    
12. Glass coverslips
    
13. Glass-covered trays
    
14. Laboratory oven
    
15. Leica TCS-SP2 confocal microscope
    
16. Leuckart's bars for paraffin block preparation (ICT, SL., catalog number: 101 20996051645 )
    
17. Magnetic stirrer with heating plate
    
18. Microtome (Shibuya optical)
    
19. Microtome Blades Accu-Edge^® low-profile (Sakura)
    
20. Paint brush
    
21. pH-meter
    
22. Scalpel with sterile blades
    
23. Slides
    

Software

1. LCS Software for Leica TCS-SP2 confocal microscope

Procedure

1. Flower collection
   We collect flowers from mature female vines of kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis var deliciosa (A.Chev.) A.Chev.) cv. ʻHaywardʼ growing in a commercial orchard located in north-western Spain (Galicia) and operated by Kiwi Atlántico S. A.
   
   1. Prepare plant material immediately after collection by detaching petals, sepals and stamens using a scalpel.
      
      
      Figure 1. Plant material. A. Kiwifruit female flower. B. Female pistil (ovary 124 with stigmatic arms). C. A female stigmatic arm detached from pistil.
      
      
   2. Submerge completely five pistils (ovary and stigmatic arms) in a 100 ml glass flask containing 60 ml fixing solution for 24 h at 4 °C (William et al., 1999).
      
   3. Remove fixing solution, add 60 ml 75% ethanol. Store at 4 °C until use.
   
   
2. Paraffin embedding stigmatic arms
   
   1. Put 5 stigmatic arms, each from a different flower, in a 15 ml tube.
      
   2. Add 5 ml of TBA V (recipe II) solution to the samples and incubate 3 h at room 
temperature.
      
   3. Remove TBA V, add 5 ml TBA IV to the samples, and incubate overnight at 
room temperature.
      
   4. Remove TBA IV, add 5 ml TBA III to the samples, and incubate for 70 min at 
room temperature.
      
   5. Remove TBA III, add 5 ml TBA II to the samples, and incubate for 80 min at 
room temperature.
      
   6. Remove TBA II, add 5 ml TBA I to the samples, and incubate for 100 min at 
room temperature.
      
   7. Remove TBA I, add 5 ml pure TBA to the samples, and incubate for 85 min at 
38 °C in a laboratory oven.
      
   8. Replace TBA with fresh TBA and incubate for 45 min at 38 °C in a laboratory 
oven.
      
   9. Replace TBA with fresh TBA and incubate overnight at 38 °C in a laboratory 
oven.
      
   10. Remove the TBA, add 5 ml TBA: paraffin (previously maintained at 60 °C in a 
laboratory oven) and incubate for 24 h at 60 °C in a laboratory oven.
       
   11. Replace TBA: Paraffin with fresh one and incubate for 24 h at 60 °C in a laboratory oven.

       
   12. Remove the TBA: Paraffin add 5 ml paraffin (previously maintained at 60 °C) to the samples and incubate for 7 h at 60 °C in a laboratory oven.

       
   13. Replace the paraffin with fresh paraffin and incubate for 5 days at 60 °C in a laboratory oven.

       
   14. Put a thin layer of liquid paraffin into Leuckart bar. Place the samples arranged into horizontal position before the paraffin solidifies and completely cover with additional liquid paraffin. Two samples per mold can be prepared. Allow solidify at least 3-4 h.

       
   15. Label the paraffin blocks indicating the stigmatic arm orientation, and store them at room temperature until use.
   
   
3. Section preparation
   
   1. Trim the paraffin blocks with the help of a scalpel to obtain an optimal cutting surface including the sample with a small paraffin frame.
      
   2. Fix the small paraffin frame on the microtome chuck.
      
   3. Set the microtome blade and adjust the positions of the blade and the sample.
      
   4. Cut the paraffin block to obtain ribbons of 10 μm-thick sections containing serially sectioned stigmatic arms. Pick up the sections with forceps or paint brush and store them in a glass-covered tray.

      
   5. Put a few drops of formulated water on the surface of previously prepared APTES-coated slides.

      
   6. Pick up the sections containing stigmatic arm samples from the trays with the aid of a forceps and put them onto the surface of formulated water on the APTES-coated slides (about 15-18 sections per slide).

      
   7. Leave the sections overnight at 30 °C in a laboratory oven to allow the thin sections be expanded and fully attached to the slides.
      
   8. Store slides at room temperature.
      
   
   
4. Sample preparation for microscopic detection
   This procedure is carried out using the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit. We usually handle four slides at the same time in each protocol session. From them, two slides contain experimental samples, and the other two are controls, one negative and the other positive. For this later one (positive control), the use of dedicated laboratory material (glass coplin jar, wall tile, forceps, etc.) is mandatory.
   Steps from two to eleven, and from twenty-six to twenty-nine follow the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit protocol (steps 1-10, and 12-14, respectively).
   
   1. Incubate the slides at 60 °C in a laboratory oven for 7 min to ensure the complete removal of paraffin.
      
   2. Remove paraffin by immersing the slides in Coplin jars containing fresh xylene. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min.

      
   3. Repeat once the second step by transferring the slides to a new Coplin jar containing fresh xylene.
      
   4. Immerse the slides in Coplin jars containing fresh 100% ethanol and incubate at room temperature for 5 min.

      
   5. Rehydrate the slides by sequentially incubating them for 3 min steps at room temperature in different Coplin jars containing: 100% ethanol 95% ethanol 85% ethanol 70% ethanol 50% ethanol.
      
   6. Immerse the slides in Coplin jars containing fresh 0.85% NaCl (p/v) and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.

      
   7. Immerse the slides in Coplin jars containing fresh 1x PBS buffer and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.
      
   8. Fix the slides by immersing them in Coplin jars containing fresh 4% formaldehyde and incubate them at room temperature for 15 min.

      Note: Let cellulase to thaw on ice to be used in step 12.

      
   9. Wash the slides by immersing them in Coplin jars containing 1x PBS buffer, and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.
      
   10. Transfer the slides to another Coplin jar containing 1x PBS buffer, and incubate them again at room temperature for 5 min.
       
   11. Allow the liquid to drain thoroughly and place the slides on a flat surface (wall tile). The cellulase, Triton X-100 and Proteinase K treatments must be carried out with care due to risk of losing sections, which can slip away from the slides.
       
   12. Cover every section with 2% cellulase Onozuka RS. Solution must completely cover the sections. Usually this can be done with 1 ml of solution per slide.
       
   13. Cover the slides with inverted Coplin jars containing wet paper towels in the bottom to ensure high humidity (Figure 2).
       
       
       Figure 2. Inverted Coplin jars containing wet paper towels in the bottom to ensure high humidity during laboratory oven incubation of slides
       
       
   14. Incubate at 37 °C for 90 min in a laboratory oven.
       Note: Prepare 0.5 % Triton X-100 in 1x PBS buffer to be used in step 18.
       
   15. Immerse the cellulase-treated slides in Coplin jars containing 1x PBS buffer and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.
       
   16. Repeat twice the step 15 using a new Coplin jar containing fresh 1x PBS buffer.
       
   17. Allow the liquid to drain thoroughly and place the slides on a wall tile.
       
   18. Cover every section with 0.5% Triton X-100 in 1x PBS buffer. Solution must completely cover the sections. Usually this can be done with 1 ml of solution per slide.
       
   19. Incubate for 20 min at room temperature.
       Note: Prepare the 20 μg/ml Proteinase K solution to be used in step 23.
       
   20. Immerse the Triton X-100-treated slides in Coplin jars containing 1x PBS buffer and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.

       
   21. Repeat twice the step 20 using a new Coplin jar containing fresh 1x PBS buffer.

       
   22. Allow the liquid to drain thoroughly and place the slides on a wall tile.

       
   23. Cover every section with the 20 μg/ml Proteinase K. Solution must completely cover the sections. Usually this can be done with 1 ml of solution per slide.
       
   24. Cover the slides with inverted Coplin jars containing wet paper towels in the bottom to ensure high humidity (Figure 2).
       
   25. Incubate at 37 °C for 30 min in a laboratory oven.
       
   26. Immerse the Triton X-100-treated slides in Coplin jars containing 1x PBS buffer and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.
       
   27. Immerse the slides in Coplin jars containing 4% formaldehyde and incubate them at room temperature for 5 min.
       
   28. Repeat step 26 using a new Coplin jar containing fresh 1x PBS buffer.
       
   29. Leave the slides in fresh 1x PBS buffer, except that used to prepare the positive control.
       
   30. Prepare the positive control (with DNase) taking the slide containing the chosen sections for it and kept it separately from the other slides (experimental samples and negative control) after this point. It is necessary to use dedicated laboratory material (Coplin jars, forceps, wall tile, etc).
       
       1. Allow the liquid to drain thoroughly and place the slide on a wall tile.
          
       2. Add 1x DNase I buffer. Solution must completely cover the sections. Usually this can be done with 100 μl of solution.
          
       3. Incubate the slides at room temperature for 5 min.
          
       4. Gently tap the slides to remove liquid.
          
       5. Add 75 μl per slide of DNase I buffer containing 1,500 U/ml DNase I, as 
suggested in the In situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein. Ensure that 
buffer completely covers the sections.
          
       6. Cover the slides with inverted Coplin jars containing wet paper towels in the 
bottom to ensure high humidity (Figure 2).
          
       7. Incubate at 37 °C for 20 min in a laboratory oven.
          
       8. Gently tap the slide to remove the liquid.
          
       9. Immerse the slide in Coplin jars containing 1x PBS buffer for 5 min twice.
       
       
5. Staining for TUNEL detection by microscopy (using the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit)
   This procedure is carried out using the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit using all samples (experimental, negative and positive samples). Remember to keep the positive control separately from the other slides.
Steps from one to twelve follow the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit protocol (steps 1-5, 7-9, 11-16).
   
   1. Remove the slides from the 1x PBS buffer and tap gently to remove excess liquid; place the slides on a wall tile.
      
   2. Cover the slides with 100 μl of equilibration buffer using a micropipette.

      
   3. Using forceps, gently place a piece of plastic coverslip on top of the slides to evenly spread the liquid.

      
   4. Equilibrate at room temperature for 10 min. Thaw Nucleotide Mix on ice and prepare TdT incubation buffer for all samples and controls. Protect Nucleotide Mix and TdT incubation buffer from light. Keep on ice at all times. Protect the slides from light after staining.

      Use the following table (or similar) to prepare the experimental samples and positive controls:
      
      

      Component	Volume	Total No. of reactions	Total volume
      Equilibration buffer	45 μl	noo fslides+1	X μl
      Nucleotide mix	5 μl	noo fslides+1	X μl
      TdT enzyme total	1 μl	noo fslides+1	X μl
      Total	51 μl	noo fslides+1	X μl

      
      Use the following table (or similar) to prepare the negative controls:
      
      

      Component	Volume	Total No. of reactions	Total volume
      Equilibration buffer	45 μl	1	X μl
      Nucleotide mix	5 μl	1	X μl
      Milli-Q H2O	1 μl	1	X μl
      Total	51 μl	1	X μl

      
      
   5. Using forceps, remove the plastic coverslip and gently tap the slides to remove excess liquid. Manage with care due to risk of losing sections. Carefully blot dry around the edges with tissue paper and place the slides on a wall tile.

      
   6. Gently place 50 μl of TdT incubation buffer on the slides with a micropipette.
      
   7. Using forceps, gently place a piece of plastic coverslip on top of the slides to evenly spread the liquid.
      
   8. To perform the tailing reaction, place the slides in darkness at 37 °C for 60 min in a laboratory oven. Cover the slides with inverted Coplin jars containing wet paper towels in the bottom to ensure high humidity and maintain in darkness by covering with aluminium foil.
      
   9. Using forceps, remove the plastic coverslips. Manage with care due to risk of losing sections.
      
   10. Terminate the tailing reaction by immersing the slides in Coplin jars containing 2x SSC buffer. Incubate at room temperature for 15 min.
       
   11. Wash the slides by immersing them in fresh Coplin jars containing 1x PBS buffer. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min.
       
   12. Repeat twice the step 11 using a new Coplin jar containing fresh 1x PBS buffer.
       Note: Prepare 0.5 μg/ml PI to be used in step 14.

       
   13. Allow the liquid to drain thoroughly and place the slides on a wall tile.

       
   14. Cover every section with 0.5 μg/ml PI. Solution must completely cover the sections. Usually this can be done with 1 ml of solution per slide.

       
   15. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min.

       
   16. Wash the tissues by transferring the slides to fresh Coplin jars containing Milli-Q H₂O and incubate at room temperature for 5 min.
       
   17. Repeat step 16 twice.
       Note: Prepare the Anti-Fade reagent to be used in step 19.

       
   18. Allow the liquid to drain thoroughly and place the slides on a wall tile.

       
   19. Add 150 μl of Anti-Fade reagent per slide and cover the treated portion of the slide containing the sections with a glass coverslip.

       
   20. Seal the edges of the coverslip with clear nail polish and allow drying for at least 5-10 min. The samples can be immediately examined or stored overnight at 4 °C in darkness, for their observation just next day. We usually examine sections in a Leica TCS-SP2 confocal microscope. Fluorescence generated by incorporation of fluorescein-dUTP at the free 3ʼ-hydroxyl ends of fragmented DNA, is detected using an excitation wavelength of 488 nm for the TUNEL reaction and 561 nm for PI, with detection in the range of 492-550 nm and 581-625 nm, respectively.

Representative data

This improved protocol for TUNEL assay of DNA fragmentation in kiwifruit tissues relies on the use of an improved permeabilization of tissues by treatments with cellulase, Triton X-100, and adjusted Proteinase K, increased DNase I units (1,500 U/ml) for the generation of positive controls, and optimization of counterstaining with reduced IP concentration (0.5 μg/ml). These modifications allowed us to clearly visualize the differences between negative and positive nuclei for TUNEL (Figure 3A-C), in contrast with the results obtained using the original protocol of the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit, which was not specifically designed for plant tissues (Figure 3D-F). In the Figure 3A, TUNEL-positive nuclei can be observed as they are showing bright green fluorescence, while in the Figure 3B all present nuclei are stained in red. Finally, in the Figure 3C, all present nuclei can be observed, but those being TUNEL positive are stained in yellow whereas those TUNEL negative are stained in light red or orange. On the contrary, with the ApoAlert^® kit (Figure 3D-F) since no TUNEL-positive nuclei can be observed (Figure 3D), all present nuclei can be observed in red (Figure 3E) or after counterstaining in orange (Figure 3F).


Figure 3. Comparison of TUNEL assays in positive controls of kiwifruit tissues. A-C. Positive control sections of kiwifruit stigmatic arms stained using the improved TUNEL protocol described here. D-F. Positive control sections of kiwifruit stigmatic arms stained using the ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit (Clontech). A, D. Fluorescence detected at 488 nm for the observation of the TUNEL stained nuclei (arrows). B, E. Fluorescence detected at 561 nm for the observation of the IP stained nuclei (arrows). C, F. Counterstaining by simultaneous fluorescence detection at both wavelengths (488 and 561 nm) of stained nuclei with TUNEL and IP (arrows).

Recipes

1. Fixing solution (100 ml)

   Ethanol:acetic acid (3:1, v/v)

   Mix 75 ml absolute ethanol with 25 ml acetic acid
   
2. TBA solutions (100 ml)
   

   TBA I
   Pure TBA	75 ml
   96% ethanol	25 ml
   TBA II
   TBA I	73.2 ml
   96% ethanol	26.8 ml
   TBA III
   TBA II	63.6 ml
   96% ethanol	21.4 ml
   H2O	15 ml
   TBA IV
   TBA III	57 ml
   96% ethanol	21.6 ml
   H2O	21.4 ml
   TBA V
   TBA IV	50 ml
   96% ethanol	15 ml
   H2O	35 ml

   TBA can solidify at room temperature
   If this occurs, warm it in a laboratory oven at 38 °C
   Stored in 100 ml darkened glass bottles at room temperature until use
   
3. TBA:paraffin (3:1 v/v) (100 ml)
   Combine 25 ml liquid paraffin with 75 ml pure TBA
   The paraffin should be at 60 °C
   Mix should be liquid to use
   Store in 250 ml glass jar at room temperature until use
   
4. Formulated water (100 ml)
   Combine 3 ml formaldehyde 36.5-38% with 97 ml distilled water
   
5. APTES-coated slides
   Prepare 2% APTES in acetone (v/v)
   Immerse the slides in 2% APTES for 3 min at room temperature
   Immerse the slides in acetone for 2 min at room temperature
   Repeat twice
   Immerse the slides in distilled water for 1 min at room temperature
   Allow to air dry (at least 24 h)
   Stored at room temperature until use
   
6. 1x PBS buffer (pH 7.4, 1 L)
   10x PBS buffer (pH 7.4, 1L)
   

   NaCl	80 g	137 mM
   KCl	2.2 g	3 mM
   Na2HPO4	14.4 g	10 mM
   KH2PO4	2.4 g	2 mM

   Dissolve reagents in 800 ml Milli-Q H₂O
   Adjust pH
   Complete volume to 1 L
   Autoclave
   Combine 100 ml 10x PBS buffer and 900 ml Milli-Q H₂O
   
7. 4% formaldehyde in 1x PBS buffer (pH 7.4, 1 L)
   Dissolve 40 g of paraformaldehyde in 500 ml of 1x PBS buffer under a fume hood
   Heat the solution at 70 °C while stirring
   Add one or two drops of sulfuric acid to facilitate paraformaldehyde dilution
   Complete volume to 1 L
   Stored in 100 ml darkened bottles for a maximum of 1-2 weeks at 4 °C or indefinitely at -20 °C
   
8. 2% Cellulase Onozuka in 1x PBS buffer (10 ml)
   Dissolve 0.2 g of cellulase in 6 ml of 1x PBS buffer
   Incubate with slow stirring overnight at 4 °C
   Complete volume to 10 ml, filter sterilize (0.2 μm)
   Stored at -20 °C until use
   
9. 0.5% Triton X-100 in 1x PBS buffer (10 ml)
   Dissolve 50 μl of Triton X-100 in 9.95 ml of 1x PBS buffer
   Use the solution freshly prepared
   
10. Tris-HCl (0.5 M, pH 8.0) (100 ml)
    Dissolve 7.87 g of Tris-HCl in 100 ml distilled water
    Adjust pH with NaOH
    Autoclave and store at room temperature
    
11. EDTA (0.2 M, pH 8.0) (100 ml)
    Dissolve 5.84 g of EDTA in 100 ml distilled water
    Adjust pH with NaOH
    Autoclave and store at room temperature
    
12. 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM EDTA (3 ml)
    Combine 2 ml Tris-HCl buffer (0.5 M, pH 8.0) with 1 ml EDTA (0.2 M, pH 8.0)
    
13. Proteinase K solution (20 μg/ml) (1 ml)
    Combine 2 μl of 10 mg/ml Proteinase K with 998 μl of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM EDTA
    
14. 1x DNase I buffer (100 μl)
    Dilute 10 μl10x DNase I buffer with 90 μl Milli-Q H₂O
    
15. 1,500 U/ml DNase I (75 μl)
    Combine 45 μl Milli-Q H₂O, 22.5 μl Recombinant DNase I and 7.5 μl 10x DNase I buffer
    
16. PI solution (0.5 μg/ml in PBS buffer) (5 ml)
    Stock: 1 mg/ml PI: Dissolve 10 mg of PI in 10 ml 1x PBS buffer
    Store the stock at 4 °C in darkness
    0.5 μg/ml PI solution: 2.5 μl stock and 5 ml 1x PBS buffer
    
17. Anti-Fade reagent (1 ml)
    Combine 900 μl PVA solution (Citifluor Solid Mountant kit) and 100 μl AF100 (Citifluor Solid Mountant kit)
    

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Xunta de Galicia (Regional Government of Galicia, Spain; project PGIDIT 04RAG291002PR). We thank Kiwi Atlántico S. A. for providing the plant material. We thank M. S. Costa for her expert photographic assistance, and B. Lueiro for her technical assistance. This is a contribution of the Interuniversity Research Group in Biotechnology and Reproductive Biology of Woody Plants (BioVitAc Research group, code 09IDI1705).

References

1. ApoAlert^® DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit User Manual (Clontech, catalog number: 630107)
   
2. Ferradas, Y., Lopez, M., Rey, M. and Gonzalez, M. V. (2014). Programmed cell death in kiwifruit stigmatic arms and its relationship to the effective pollination period and the progamic phase. Ann Bot 114(1): 35-45.
   
3. In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein (Roche Diagnostics, catalog number: 11 684 795 910)
   
4. Williams, J. H., Jr., Friedman, W. E. and Arnold, M. L. (1999). Developmental selection within the angiosperm style: using gamete DNA to visualize interspecific pollen competition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(16): 9201-9206.