Pea Aphid Survival Assays on Arabidopsis thaliana    

Materials and Reagents

1. 3 to 4-week-old Vicia faba plants grown in 14 h light (18 °C)/10 h dark (15 °C)
   
2. 7-week-old Arabidopsis plants grown in a short day condition (10 h light/14 h dark (22 °C)
   
3. Pea Aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) maintained on Vicia faba plants grown in 14 h light (18 °C)/10 h dark (15 °C)
   

Equipment

1. Plant growth facilities
   
2. Insect-proof cage to contain Vicia faba plants (Note 1)
   
3. Petri dish
   
4. Moist artist’s paintbrush (size 2 or 4)
   
5. Clip cages (Figure 1)
   
6. Plant labels
   
7. Marker pen
   
   
   Figure 1. Clip cage. Composed of a metal double prong hair clip (50 mm long), two pieces of plastic tube (10 and 5 mm high, 2 mm thick, 25 mm diameter), two circles of felt (25 mm diameter, 4 mm across, 1 mm thick), and two pieces of fine gauze (25 mm diameter). The hair clip is heated and pushed into the plastic tubes. The felt and gauze are attached with superglue. Scale bar = 5 mm
   

Software

1. Microsoft^® Excel

Procedure

1. Obtaining a cohort of aged pea aphids
   1. Collect adult pea aphids in a petri dish from a stock cage (Note 2).
      
   2. Use a moist paintbrush to transfer the aphids to a fresh cage containing several Vicia faba plants in pots.
      
   3. Place the cage, containing the aphids and plants, in long day growth conditions [14 h light (22 °C), 10 h night (15 °C)].
      
   4. After 24 h remove all the adult aphids, while the nymphs remain (Note 3).
      
   5. Allow the nymphs to reach the adult stage (Note 4).
   
   
2. Setting up the experiment
   1. Use plastic plant labels to label 7-week-old Arabidopsis with their genotype and the plant number (e.g. Col-0, plant 1). Use at least five plants per genotype per replicate.
      
   2. Collect the cohort of aged pea aphids in a petri dish.
      
   3. Use a moist paintbrush to transfer 5 of the aphids to a clip cage.
      
   4. Gently clip the cage onto a fully developed leaf of the Arabidopsis plant.
      
   5. Repeat the previous two steps until all the plants have one clip cage each.
      
   6. Randomize the plants across the area that they are to be grown in (Note 5).
      
   7. Place the plants in short day conditions [8 h light (18 °C), 16 h night (16 °C)].
   
   
3. Collecting the results
   1. The day that the aphids are caged to the Arabidopsis plants is day 0.
      
   2. Count and record the number of live adults in the clip cages on days 2 to 7.
      
      Table 1. Example data from one repeat of an experiment with Col-0 Arabidopsis, with readings taken on days 3 to 7
      

      Number of adult aphids alive
      Day	Plant 1	Plant 2	Plant 3	Plant 4	Plant 5
      3	4	5	4	5	5
      4	4	2	3	1	3
      5	0	2	1	0	0
      6	0	0	0	0	0
      7	0	0	0	0	0

      
      
4. Repetition
   1. Repeat the whole experiment (steps 1-3) on at least 3 separate occasions.
   
   
5. Analysing the results
   1. Calculate the time point at which survival on wild type Arabidopsis is 50% (Note 6). If this occurs between two of the days (e.g. between day 3 and 4) then average the number of adults alive on these two days.
      
   2. Use this time point to calculate the number of adults alive on each plant (Note 7).
      
   3. Analyze by classical linear regression analysis using a Poisson distribution within a generalized linear model.

Notes

1. The cage should be large enough for the Vicia faba plants to grow, and allow sufficient light and ventilation while preventing the aphids from escaping. We use Perspex cages (47 cm high x 54 cm deep x 24 cm wide) with a fine mesh covering attached by magnetic strips at one end to serve as a door.
   
2. 5 to 10 pea aphids per Arabidopsis plant in the experiment should be sufficient, as approximately one nymph is born per adult in 24 h at 22 °C. The aphids reproduce slower at lower temperatures and therefore more adults are needed to produce the same number of nymphs.
   
3. Make sure to count the number of adults added to the cage, and remove the same number of adults at this stage.
   
4. In the conditions stated, pea aphids should reach the adult stage by 8 or 9 days, having undergone four moults. Only adult aphids reproduce. It is recommended to use aphids 10 to 14 days old.
   
5. For example, if you are placing the experimental plants in 3 trays for the experiment then randomly assign each plant a number of 1, 2 or 3, corresponding to trays 1, 2 and 3. This can be done using the RANDBETWEEN function in Microsoft^® Excel.
   
6. Average the number of adult pea aphids alive on each day across all your repeats of the wild type Arabidopsis. Then plot this data against the experiment day number on a line graph. See Reference 1 (Prince et al., 2014) Figure 6B for an example.
   
7. For example, the data in Table 1 is part of a larger data set where 50% survival is between day 3 and 4. Therefore, the data would be calculated as: Plant 1 = 4, Plant 2 = 3.5, Plant 3 = 3.5, Plant 4 = 3, Plant 5 = 4.
   

Acknowledgments

We thank Andrew Davis for the photograph of the clip cage. This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant no. BB/J004553/1 to S. A. H.), the John Innes Foundation (to S. A. H.), a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council studentship (to D. C. P.) and a John Innes Foundation studentship (to T. R. V). This protocol is adapted from Reference 1 (Prince et al., 2014).

References

1. Prince, D. C., Drurey, C., Zipfel, C. and Hogenhout, S. A. (2014). The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 and the cytochrome P450 PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 contribute to innate immunity to aphids in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 164(4): 2207-2219.

1. Prince, D. C., Mugford, S. T., Vincent, T. R. and Hogenhout, S. A. (2014). Pea Aphid Survival Assays on Arabidopsis thaliana. Bio-protocol 4(19): e1251. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1251.
   
2. Prince, D. C., Drurey, C., Zipfel, C. and Hogenhout, S. A. (2014). The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 and the cytochrome P450 PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 contribute to innate immunity to aphids in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 164(4): 2207-2219.