1 user has reported that he/she has successfully carried out the experiment using this protocol.

Targeted Gene Mutation in Rice Using a CRISPR-Cas9 System   

Materials and Reagents

1. Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica, Kitaake, Nipponbare, or other cultivars
   
2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105
   
3. pRGEB31 (Xie and Yang, 2013) (Addgene plasmid 51295 , plasmid map is shown in Figure 2)
   
   
   Figure 2. Schematic illustration of pRGE31 and pRGEB31 vectors. The pRGEB31 vector was used in this protocol.
   
   
4. Bsa I (New England Biolabs, catalog number: R0535S )
   
5. 70%, 100% ethanol
   
6. Alkaline phosphatase, calf intestinal (CIP) (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0290S )
   
7. T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0202S )
   
8. T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0201S )
   
9. T7 endonuclease I (T7EI) (New England Biolabs, catalog number: M0302S )
   
10. GoTaq DNA polymerase (Promega Corporation, catalog number: M3001 )
    
11. Phusion high-fidelity polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: F530S )
    
12. 5x green GoTaq^® reaction buffer (Promega Corporation, catalog number: M7911 )
    
13. QIAGEN plasmid mini kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 12123 )
    
14. QIAquick PCR purification kit (QIAGEN, catalog number: 28104 )
    
15. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H9151 )
    
16. Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (sarkosyl) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: BP235-500 )
    
17. CTAB buffer (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. 37 °C water bath
   
2. Thermal cycler
   
3.  DNA electrophoresis apparatus
   
4.  Microcentrifuge
   

Procedure

1. Design gRNAs to target the genes of interest
   1. Choose targeted sites and design gRNA spacer sequence as illustrated in Figure 1. For eight model plant species, specific gRNA spacers could be readily designed using the CRISPR-PLANT database (Xie et al., 2014) (http://www.genome.arizona.edu/crispr). Following factors may be considered for designing gRNAs.
      1. To functionally knock-out the genes of interest, designed gRNAs should introduce DSB close to 5’-end of coding region or located in the essential domains for genes’ function.  
         
      2. Selected gRNA spacers/target sequence should have sufficient specificity (we recommend that gRNA spacers are ranked with class 0.0 and 1.0 specificity in CRISPR-PLANT database) to avoid off-target editing.
         
      3. (Optional) Check gRNA folding, gRNA with three stem-loops as Figure 1 are preferred.
         
      4. (Optional) If possible, design a gRNA which would generate mutations at a restriction nuclease enzyme (RE) site in order to introduce RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) for genotyping.
         
   2. After selection of targeted sites and spacer sequences, DNA oligos are synthesized to construct the gRNAs as described in Figure 3. Appropriate adaptor sequences should be added for cloning. The reverse primer should contain an adaptor of 5’-AAAC-3’ whereas the forward primer should include an adaptor with 5’-GGCA-3’ (see Figure 3 Case 1, gRNA-spacer starts with A) or 5’-GGC-3’ (Figure 3 Case 2, gRNA-spacer starts with G/C/T).
      Note: The gRNAs designed as cases 1 and 2 in Figure 3 showed comparable efficiency in our experiments.
      
      
      Figure 3. A simple guide for designing DNA oligos to construct the RGE plasmid (Xie et al., 2014)
      
   
   
2. Construct gRNA-Cas9 plasmid
   3. Digest the pRGEB31 vector (see Figure 3 for vector details) by Bsa I.
      
      

      pRGEB31	2 µg
      10x NEB Buffer 4	2 µl
      10x BSA	2 µl
      Bsa I (NEB)	1 µl
      Add H2O to	20 µl

   
   
   4. Incubate at 37 °C for 2-4 h.
      
   5. (Optional) Add 0.5 µl of CIP to dephosphorylate the vector by incubating at 37 °C for 30 min.
      
   6. Purify the the digested vector using the QIAquick PCR purification kit.
      
   7. Prepare DNA oligo-duplex in a PCR tube as following:
      
      

      Forward oligo (100 uM)	1 µl
      Reverse oligo (100 uM)	1 µl
      10x T4 DNA ligase Buffer	1 µl
      T4 PNK (NEB)	0.5 µl
      H2O	6.5 µl

      
      Note: T4 PNK is not required if the vector was not treated with CIP in step 5.
      
   8. Incubate the tube in a thermal cycler using the following program.
      
      

      37 °C	60 min
      95 °C	10 min
      Cool down to 25 °C at 0.1 °C/sec

   
   
   9. Make a 1: 200 dilution of oligo-duplex for ligation.
      
   10. Ligate the diluted oligo-duplex into vector:
       
       

       Bsa I digested vector	n µl (~50 ng)
       Oligo-duplex (diluted)	1 µl
       10x T4 DNA ligase Buffer	0.5 µl
       T4 ligase (NEB)	1 µl
       Add H2O to	5 µl

   
   
   11. Incubate at room temperature (25 °C) for 2-4 h or at 4 °C overnight.
       
   12. Transform E. coli DH5α competent cells (homemade) using 1 µl of ligation product.
       
   13. Inoculate 2-4 colonies in LB medium with 50 µg/ml kanamycin.
       
   14.  Purify plasmids from the transformed DH5α cells using QIAGEN Plasmid Mini kit.
       
   15. Confirm pRGEB31-gRNA plasmid constructs by Sanger sequencing using M13R (-48) primer.
       
   
   
3. Rice transformation
   16. Introduce the pRGEB31-gRNA plasmid into Agrobacterium strain EHA105.
       
   17. Transform rice embryogenic callus using standard Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method
       
   
   
4. Genotyping
   Note: The Cas9-gRNA introduced mutation could be examined in hygromycin B selected calli or transgenic plants. To examine Cas9-gRNA introduced mutations, a pair of gene specific primers is required to amplify the targeted region. Because of the high efficiency of Cas9-gRNA system in rice, steps 22 and 23 are optional and the mutation at targeting site could be readily examined by direct Sanger sequencing of PCR product (step 23).
   18. Genomic DNA extraction.
       1. Ground 10-50 mg of leaves/calli of transgenic rice plants in a 1.5 ml-tube.
          
       2. Add 200 µl of heated (60 °C) CTAB buffer to the tube, mixed immediately and incubate at 60 °C for 10 min with occassional shaking.
          
       3. Add 80 µl of chloroform, vortex and incubate in an end-to-top rocker at room temperature for 20 min.
          
       4. Centrifuge at 14,000 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
          
       5. Transfer upper aqueous phase to a fresh tube, add 1/10 Vol of sodium acetate (3 M, pH 5.3) and 2.5 Vol of 100% ethanol, and incubate on ice for 10 min.
          
       6. Centrifuge at 14,000 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
          
       7. Discard the liquid.
          
       8. Add 0.5 ml of 70% ethanol and centrifuge at 14,000 x g for 5min.
          
       9. Discard the supernatant liquid and dry the pellet in air.
          
       10. Dissolve the genomic DNA in 50-100 µl of H₂O.
           
   19. Setup reactions for PCR amplification using genomic DNAs extracted from transgenic rice and wild type plant.
       
       

       Rice genomic DNA	100 ng
       dNTP (10 mM)	1 µl
       Forward primer (10 μM)	1 µl
       Reverse primer (10 µM)	1 µl
       5x Green GoTaq® Reaction Buffer	10 µl
       Taq polymerase (2 U/µl)	1 µl
       Add sterile distilled H2O to	50 µl

   
   
   20. Amplify the targeted region by PCR [annealing temperature (x) and extension time (n) depend on primers].
       
       

       95 °C	3 min	1 cycle
       95 °C	15 sec	35 cycles
       x °C	20 sec
       72 °C	n min
       72 °C	2 min	1 cycle
       4 °C	Hold	1 cycle

   
   
   21. (Optional) If RFLP is introduced (examples was shown in Figure 4)
       1. Add 5 U of appreciate restriction enzyme to 25 µl of PCR product (~200 ng).
          
       2. Incubate at 37 °C for 2-4 h.
          
       3. Analyze the digested DNA fragment by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.
          
   22. (Optional) If no RFLP was introduced, use T7E1 assay to detect mutations:
       Note: High fidelity DNA polymerase (Phusion DNA polymerase) should be used in step 19 for T7E1 assay. T7E1 assay could not detect homozygous mutation. Examples (line #1 and #3) were shown in Figure 4.
       1. Purify the PCR products using PCR purification column.
          
       2. Set up the T7E1 assay in PCR tubes as following:
          
          

          PCR product	100-200 ng
          10x NEB buffer 2	1 µl
          Add H2O to	9.5 µl

       
       
       3. Denature and anneal PCR products using the following program:
          
          

          95 °C	10 min
          Ramp to 85 °C at 0.1 °C/sec	－
          85 °C	5 min
          Ramp to 65 °C at 0.1 °C/sec
          65 °C	2 min
          Ramp to 45 °C at 0.1 °C/sec
          45 °C	2 min
          Ramp to 25 °C at 0.1 °C/sec
          25 °C	hold

       
       
       4. Add 0.5 µl of T7E1 to the annealed PCR product.
          
       5. Incubate the reaction at 37 °C for 1 h.
          
       6. Analyze the digestion by agarose gel electrophoresis.
          
   23. Clone and sequence the PCR product (at least 4 colonies) to confirm the mutation in transgenic plants.
       Note: T7E1 enzyme is not absolutely mismatch specific; it also nicks dsDNA slowly. Therefore, it is important to control the enzyme amount and reaction time and carefully interpret the results in T7EI assay.
       
       
       Figure 4. Examples of PCR-RFLP assay (A) or T7E1 assay (B) using T0 transgenic plants. In PCR-RFLP assay, mutated DNA is resistant to RE digestion whereas wild type DNA would be cut into pieces. No wild type DNA was detected in transgenic lines #1, #3, and #4 (T0 generation) based on PCR-RFLP results, suggesting highly efficient mutation rate of RGE in rice. Of note, the size of extra band from line #1 and #3 in the PCR-T7E1 assay was different from the expected size in line #4, which was likely resulting from imperfect specificity of T7E1 enzyme. Based on these assays and final sanger sequencing results, lines #1 and #3 were found to contain homozygous, identical mutations at the targeted site whereas line #4 contained heterozygous, different mutations at the targeted site.
       

Recipes

1. CTAB buffer (100 ml)
   Dissolve 2.56 g of sorbitol, 1 g of Sarkosyl and 0.8 g of CTAB in 60 ml H₂O.
   Add 11 ml of Tris buffer (pH 8.0, 1 M), 4.4 ml of EDTA (pH 8.0) and 16 ml of NaCl (5 M)
   Heat the solution briefly to dissolve CTAB and Sarkosyl
   Add dH₂O to 100 ml
   Autoclave and stored at room temperature
   

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Pennsylvania State University and a research grant from NSF Plant Genome Research Program (DBI-0922747) to YY.

References

1. Xie, K. and Yang, Y. (2013). RNA-guided genome editing in plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Mol Plant 6(6): 1975-1983.
   
2. Xie, K., Zhang, J. and Yang, Y. (2014). Genome-wide prediction of highly specific guide RNA spacers for the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in model plants and major crops. Mol Plant 7(5): 923-926.