Salinity Assay in Tomato    

Materials and Reagents

1. Solanum lycopersicum seeds
   
2. Agar
   
3. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
   
4. Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)
   
5. Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃)
   
6. Calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂^.4H₂O]
   
7. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄^.7H₂O)
   
8. Ethylene diamine-N, N bis (2hydroxyphenylacetic acid) Ferric sodium complex (Fe-EDDHA)
   
9. Boric acid (H₃BO₃)
   
10. Manganese chloride (MnCl₂.4H₂O)
    
11. Zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄^.7H₂O )
    
12. Copper sulphate (CuSO₄^.5H₂O)
    
13. Sodium molybdate (Na₂MoO₄^.2H₂O)
    
14. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
    
15. Sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄)*
    
16. Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂)*
    
17. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄)*
    *Note: These salts are necessary only if they have to be assayed. The standard assay is performed with NaCl.
    
18. Non-saline nutrient solution (see Recipes)
    
19. Salt stock solutions (see Recipes)
    

Equipment

1. Eppendorf-type tubes (1.5 ml)
   Note: Caps are removed and the tube end is cut with scissors (Figure 1A). Tubes are placed in a tube rack (with a sealed bottom, Figure 1B) and filled with 0.6% agar in tap water (melted in a microwave) using a 50 ml syringe (Figure 1C-D).
   
   
   Figure 1. Preparation of the tubes to hold plantlets. A) Cut tube, B) Racks with a sealed bottom, C) Filling tubes with agar in the rack and D) Tube filled with agar.
   
   
2. Opaque 10 L containers with cover
   Polyethylene containers (40 cm long x 30 cm wide x 12 cm high) are used. Covers are bored with a drill to allow the placement of the Eppendorf-type tubes (Figure 2).
   
   
   Figure 2. Example of a container with a bored cover to hold Eppendorf-type tubes
   
   
3. Petri dishes
   
4. 50 ml syringe
   
5. Growth chamber
   
6. ‘Aquarium’-type air pumps
   
7. Timer control
   
8. Microwave oven
   
9. Pasteur pipettes
   
10. Racks for Eppendorf-type tubes with a sealed bottom
    
11. Plastic trays with humidity domes
    
12. Precision balance (± 0.001)
    

Procedure

1. Seed germination
   1. Seeds are surface-sterilised in a sodium hypochlorite solution (2.5%) with 0.1% Tween 20 for 15 min and subsequently washed three times in sterile distilled water.
      
   2. Seeds are placed in 9 cm-diameter Petri dishes (20-50 seeds per Petri dish) on top of three layers of moistened blotting paper (Figure 3A) and maintained in the dark at 25 °C until germination (3-6 days depending on the genotype) (Figure 3B).
      
      
      Figure 3. Details of seed preparation and germination. A) Seeds in Petri dishes, B) Germinated seeds showing radicle emergence and C) Germinated seeds in Eppendorf-type tubes filled with agar.
      
      
   3. Place homogenously germinated seeds (3-6 mm root length) in Eppendorf-type tubes with the cut end filled with 0.6% agar (Figure 3C). Moisten the agar surface with a water drop using a Pasteur pipette. The racks holding the tubes are placed in a tray and covered with a humidity dome to maintain high air moisture (Figure 4A). Put some water (50-100 ml) into the tray to guarantee high air humidity within the tray. Maintain plantlets in growth chambers at 25/18 °C in a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod.
      
   4. Plants (seedlings at fully expanded cotyledon stage, Figure 4B) are progressively exposed to ambient atmosphere by slightly opening (1-2 cm) the humidity dome (Figure 4C) and after one week transferred to containers.
      
      
      Figure 4. Plantlets growing in covered trays. A) Trays with humidity domes for seedling culture, B) Detail of seedlings at fully expanded cotyledon stage and C) Dome opened to allow acclimatisation (indicated by the arrow).
      
   
   
2. Culture
   1. Containers are filled with nutrient medium and aerated regularly (for 10 min every half hour with an ‘Aquarium’-type air pump). Nutrient solutions (see Recipes) are renewed every 4 days (the old solution has to be completely removed).
      
   2. Insert the Eppendorf-type tubes with homogeneous plantlets (at fully expanded cotyledon stage with active root growth) into the cover holes allowing the contact of the cut end with the nutrient solution (Figure 5).
      
      
      Figure 5. Detail of plantlets (12-16 days old) growing in the containers
      
      
   3. Maintain plants in growth chambers at 25/18 °C in a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod (200 μmol photon m^-2 s^-1) during the experiment.
      
   4. After 3-4 weeks, when plants have three-four leaves (Figure 6), an aliquot of the salt stock solution (see Recipes) is added to the nutrient solution to obtain the desired salt concentration (see Representative data). The plants cultured in the containers with non-saline nutrient solution are used as the controls. Eight to 12 plants are used for each condition and genotype.
      
   5. Plant biomass (dry and fresh weight) can be measured after 10-15 days to determine the effect of salinity. Roots and shoots are separated and fresh weights are weighed on a precision balance. Dry weights are recorded after keeping the material for 48 h at 60 °C.
      
      
      Figure 6. Tomato plantlets (30-40 days old) growing in the containers. View of A) shoots and B) roots.
      
   
   

Representative data

1. It has been described that 75-100 mM NaCl significantly reduces growth in several tomato cultivars (Nebauer et al., 2013 and references herein; Corrales et al., 2014). In Figure 7, the representative data obtained in the RAF tomato cultivar are shown. Smaller amounts (50-75 mM) of MgCl₂, MgSO₄ and Na₂SO₄ accomplished similar reductions, and higher toxicity was found with magnesium.
   
   
   Figure 7. Effect of different salts and concentration on the total fresh weight of RAF tomato measured after 4, 8 and 12 days of salt exposure. ○: control; ●: 25 mM; ▲: 50 mM; ◆: 100 mM (Nebauer et al. 2013)
   

Notes

1. A representative video of the protocol is also available.
   
   
   
   Video 1. Salinity assay in tomato

Recipes

1. Non-saline nutrient solution (control medium)
   Non-saline nutrient solution (control medium) is based on Hoagland no.2 solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950).

   Macronutrients	Stock solution (g per 1 L)	ml stock per L medium
   1 M KNO3	101.11 g	3
   1 M NH4H2PO4	115.03 g	0.5
   1 M Ca(NO3)2.4H2O	236.15 g	2
   1 M MgSO4.7H2O	246.48 g	1
   0.5% (w/v) Fe-EDDHA	5 g	0.5
   Micronutrients
   H3BO3	2.86 g	1
   MnCl2.4H20	1.81 g	1
   ZnSO4.7H20	0.22 g	1
   CuSO4.5H20	0.051 g	1
   Na2MoO4.2H2O	0.09 g	1

   
   
2. Salt stock solutions
   Salt stock solutions (in distilled water):
   5 M NaCl (292.2 g NaCl per litre stock solution)
   1 M Na₂SO₄ (142.04 g Na₂SO₄ per litre stock solution)
   2.5 M MgCl₂ (508.25 g MgCl₂^.6H₂O per litre stock solution)
   2 M MgSO₄ (492.96 g MgSO₄^.7H₂O per litre stock solution)
   An aliquot of the salt stock solutions is added to the control media to prepare saline media.
   

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge funding through grants from the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA; project numbers: 2009-0004-C01, 2012-0008-C01) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project numbers: BIO2010-14871 and ERA-NET GEN2006-27772-C2-2).

References

1. Corrales, A. R., Nebauer, S. G., Carrillo, L., Fernandez-Nohales, P., Marques, J., Renau-Morata, B., Granell, A., Pollmann, S., Vicente-Carbajosa, J., Molina, R. V. and Medina, J. (2014). Characterization of tomato Cycling Dof Factors reveals conserved and new functions in the control of flowering time and abiotic stress responses. J Exp Bot 65(4): 995-1012.
   
2. Hoagland, D. R. and Arnon, D. I. (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. Circular. California Agricultural Experiment Station 347 (2nd edit).
   
3. Nebauer, S. G., Sanchez, M., Martinez, L., Lluch, Y., Renau-Morata, B. and Molina, R. V. (2013). Differences in photosynthetic performance and its correlation with growth among tomato cultivars in response to different salts. Plant Physiol Biochem 63: 61-69.