Materials and Reagents

Seeds (50 mg)
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (tetrazolium red) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T8877 )
95% ethanol (spectrophotometric grade)
Distilled or ultra-pure deionized water

Equipment

Brown bottle
1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes
Microcentrifuge tube rack
Aluminum foil
Air incubator (set to 30 °C)
1 ml Pipette (e.g., Gilson)
Pestle and mortar
Disposable pasteur pipettes (glass)
Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer cuvettes (polystyrene, 1.5 ml, path length 1 cm)
Microcentrifuge
Stereomicroscope with color camera

Procedure

Prepare 1% (w/v) aqueous solution of tetrazolium red and store in a brown bottle. Set the incubator temperature at 30 °C.
Weigh 50 ± 1 mg of dried seeds for each sample and place them in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. There should be at least three replicates for each sample. To measure the permeability over a time course, choose at least 5 time points (such as 4 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h) and distribute the seed samples (with replicates) accordingly.
Add 1 ml of 1% tetrazolium red solution to each tube containing seeds. Place these tubes in a microfuge tube rack and cover them with aluminium foil (incubation must be done in darkness). Place them in the air incubator at 30 °C for the specific time periods chosen. A negative control using water instead of tetrazolium red should be performed when doing the assay for the first time.
After completion of incubation for each time period, remove the tubes with seeds for observation. Observe the seeds change in color (look for formation of red color) and image some seeds using a stereomicroscope (Figure 1). The seeds can be kept at room temperature for microscope imaging but they should be imaged within 1 h. If longer, keep seeds at 4 °C.
For the extraction of formazans, transfer the tube contents (seeds and the 1% tetrazolium red solution) into a mortar using a 1 ml pipette.
Notes:
1. Use cut tips to avoid clogging tip with seeds.
2. The extractions should be performed immediately after each time point (do not store time points and do all at once).
Remove the 1% tetrazolium red solution from the mortar using a glass pasteur pipette and discard. Wash the seeds with distilled water twice by rinsing using the pasteur pipette. Remove the water from the mortar and discard.
Add 1 ml of 95% ethanol to the seeds in the mortar and finely grind the seeds using a pestle. Transfer the whole ground seed material in ethanol solution to a fresh microfuge tube using the pasteur pipette and adjust the final volume to 1.5 ml with 95% ethanol.
Immediately centrifuge the tubes at 15,000 x g for 3 min. Collect the supernatant into a spectrophotometer cuvette (Figure 2).
Note: Steps 7 and 8 must be performed quickly to avoid reaction of tetrazolium salts with the embryo cells after seed disruption.
Using a spectrophotometer, measure the absorbance of the formazan extracts at 485 nm (Figure 2) and plot the readings. Use 95% ethanol as the reference (blank).

Representative data

Figure 1. Example of staining patterns prior to extraction of formazans. Staining pattern in seeds of Col-WT and seed coat permeability mutants incubated in 1% tetrazolium red at 30 °C and imaged using a stereomicroscope at the end of 48 h. The gpat5 mutant is severely affected and far1 far4 far5 triple mutant is moderately affected (Vishwanath et al., 2013).

Figure 2. Example of formazan extracts collected in spectrophotometer cuvettes and ready for absorbance measurements. The extracts are from 48 h time point. The data below each cuvette is the mean value of three replicates. The gpat5 mutant is severely affected and far1 far4 far5 triple mutant is moderately affected (Vishwanath et al., 2013).

Notes

It is important to use seed that is relatively freshly harvested (less than 6 months old). If comparing genotypes, the plants should be grown together and the seeds harvested at the same time.
For each sample, seeds should be uniformly well ground.
Avoid collecting any seed debris while transferring the supernatant into the spectrophotometer cuvette.
Use fresh cuvettes for each sample reading.
The absorbance values of all the samples should be measured as quickly as possible. There should not be a big time gap between reading samples.
Dilutions of samples in 95% ethanol should be made for absorbance values higher than 0.8 to remain in the linear range of the spectrophotometer. Then calculate the absorbance in the original samples using the dilution factor.

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Molina et al. (2008). This work was supported by a Discovery grant to O.R. from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

References

Berridge, M. V., Tan, A. S., McCoy, K. D. and Wang, R. (1996). The biochemical and cellular basis of cell proliferation assays that use tetrazolium salts. Biochemica 4(1): 15-19.
Molina, I., Ohlrogge, J. B. and Pollard, M. (2008). Deposition and localization of lipid polyester in developing seeds of Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 53(3): 437-449.
Vishwanath, S. J., Kosma, D. K., Pulsifer, I. P., Scandola, S., Pascal, S., Joubes, J., Dittrich-Domergue, F., Lessire, R., Rowland, O. and Domergue, F. (2013). Suberin-associated fatty alcohols in Arabidopsis: distributions in roots and contributions to seed coat barrier properties. Plant Physiol 163(3): 1118-1132.