Flow Cytometric Analysis of Autophagic Activity with Cyto-ID Staining in Primary Cells   

Materials and Reagents

1. Cells lines of interest (HepG2, HUH7, CMK, K562 etc.) or primary cells [for example: murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs)]
   
2. Cyto-ID^® Autophagy Detection Kit (Enzo Life Sciences, catalog number: ENZ-51031-K200 )
   
3. Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) (ATCC, catalog number: 30-2003 ) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Biochrom, catalog number: S0615 ) with 100 U/100 μg/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 15140-122 )
   
4. RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine (Lonza, catalog number: BE12-702F ) containing 10% FBS with 100 U/100 μg/ml penicillin/streptomycin
   
5. DMEM (low glucose, pyruvate, no glutamine, no phenol red) (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 11880-028 )
   
6. Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) (Biochrom, catalog number: L1825 )
   
7. 1x 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (phenol red) (Life Technologies, catalog number: 25300 )
   
8. Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (Life Technologies, Gibco^®, catalog number: 14025 ) containing 6 mM glucose (starvation medium)
   
9. Rapamycin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus (1-5 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: R0395 )
   
10. PP242 hydrate (1-5 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P0037 )
    
11. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (3-10 mmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M9281 )
    
12. Wortmannin (30-100 nmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: W3144 )
    
13. LY294002 (7-20 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: L9908 )
    
14. Nocodazole (12-50 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M1404 )
    
15. Vinblastine (12-50 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: V1377 )
    
16. Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) (10-20 mmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A0171 )
    
17. Hydrohychloroquine sulphate (HCQ) (5-10 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: H0915 )
    
18. Chloroquine (CQ) (5-10 µmol/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C6628 )
    
19. Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D8418 )
    

Equipment

1. 37 °C, 5% CO₂ humidified incubator
   
2. Centrifuge
   
3. FACSCalibur, LSR II (BD) or analogous equipment
   

Procedure

1. Maintain cells under standard tissue culture conditions at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator. Keep cell density below 1 x 10⁶/ml.
   Caution: Prior to analysis cell should be kept for several hours (min 12 h) in fresh medium to avoid potential activation of autophagy due to nutrients exhaustion. Generally culture medium contains autophagy affecting substances: amino acids, glucose, growth factors, hormones etc. Take care when comparing autophagic flux in different conditions to normalize for all the necessary factors. Normalize also for the solvent used when analysing the effect of different substances on autophagy – for example DMSO, ethanol etc. might affect autopagic flux.
   
2. Incubate the cells for the desired time and under the conditions of interest. Negative control subjected to vehicle treatment should be included.
   Caution: When analysing prolonged periods of time and/or under conditions potentially affecting cells numbers or viability, differences in nutrient consumption and therefore abundance might occur and influence your results as autophagic activity is highly related to the nutritional status.
   
3. Positive control [rapamycin (1-5 µmol/L), PP242 (1-5 µmol/L), Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution containing 6 mmol/L glucose (starvation medium)] and negative control [3-methyladenine (3-MA) (3-10 mmol/L), wortmannin (30-100 nmol/L), LY294002 (7-20 µmol/L), nocodazole (12-50 µmol/L), vinblastine (12-50 µmol/L), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) (10-20 mmol/L), hydrohychloroquine (HCQ) or chloroquine (CQ) (5-10 µmol/L)] may be also included.
   
4. Upon completion of treatment period, wash the cells with DPBS. For suspension cells use centrifugation, for adherent cells wash as they are adherent (do not trypsinize).
   
5. Resuspend suspension cells, or add to adherent cells Cyto-ID Green containing indicator free cell culture medium, containing 5% FBS. Suggested cell density for staining stage is 10⁵ to 10⁶ cells/ml. Suggested Cyto-ID Green concentration is 1 μl of Cyto-ID Green Detection Reagent in 1 ml cell culture medium.
   
6. Mix well and incubate for 30 min under standard tissue culture conditions at 37 ºC, 5% CO₂ in the dark.
   
7. At the end of staining procedure, wash away the Cyto-ID containing medium. Wash once more with DPBS and resuspend suspension cells or trypsinize, wash and resuspend adherent cells in ice cold DPBS containing 2% FBS.
   Note: Caution upon completion of staining step whenever possible keep always on ice and in the dark.
   
8. Analyze samples using flow cytometer and plot data of cell counts as FITC (FL1) fluorescence intensity. Table 1 may be used to facilitate the interpretation of the results.
   
   Table 1. Analysis of unknown substance X

   X plus	Medium	Activator
   I	→	↑↑
   II	↑↑	↑↑↑
   III	↓↓	↓ or ↑

   
   Notes:
   1. →↑↓: ΔMFI Cyto-ID = MFI Cyto-ID (+CQ/NH₄Cl) - MFI Cyto-ID (-CQ/NH₄Cl).
      CQ/NH4Cl stays for either CQ or NH4Cl.
      Caution: The calculation of ΔMFI Cyto-ID requires both +CQ/NH₄Cl and -CQ/NH₄Cl condition for each individual sample!
      
   2. Suggested incubation with ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) (10–20 mmol/L) or chloroquine (CQ) (5–10 µmol/L) is 5 h.
      
   3. (Activator): autophagy induction [rapamycin (1-5 µmol/L), PP242 (1-5 µmol/L) or starvation medium]. Suggested incubation 5 h. (Caution: The concentration of the activator should be established for the particular cell type.)
      
   4. Analysis of unknown substance X should include co incubation with one or more activators. Table 1 illustrates three possible scenarios. a) Scenario (I) unknown substance X does not impact cellular autophagic activity; b) Scenario (II) X is an activator; c) Scenario (III) X is an inhibitor of autophagy.
      
   5. Caution: Although considered the most accurate sensitive and reliable method for analysis of autophygic flux, flow cytometry determination of Cyto-ID stained cells should be combined with alternative methods with non overlapping limitations such as electron microscopy (EM) fluorescence microscopy (FM), western blotting (WB) etc.
      
   6. Example data:
      
      
      Figure 1. Flow cytometry analysis of autophagic flux in BMDC incubated with autophagy inhibitor 3MA (10 mM) for 10 h in the presence or absence of autophagy activator PP242 for the last 5 h (left) with representative histograms (right)
      

Acknowledgments

Stankov, M and Behrens, G were supported by the DFG (BE-2089/2-1 and EXC62/1). Klusmann, J was supported by a grant from the Wilhelm Sander-Foundation (2011.057.1), the German Research Foundation (DFG; KL-2374/1-1). Klusmann, J is a fellow of the Emmy Noether-Programme from the DFG (KL-2374/2-1). Leverkus, M by the DFG (LE-953/8-1 and LE-953/6-1) and the Mildred-Scheel-Stiftung (#109891).

References

1. Cyto-ID^® Autophagy Detection Kit Manual (Enzo Life Sciences). http://www.enzolifesciences.com/fileadmin/enzo/Manuals/51031-K200.pdf.
2. Mizushima, N., Yoshimori, T. and Levine, B. (2010). Methods in mammalian autophagy research. Cell 140(3): 313-326.
   
3. Sinicrope, F. A., Sirko, A., Siu, P. M. et al. (2012). Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 8(4): 445-544. 
4. Stankov, M. V., El Khatib, M., Kumar Thakur, B., Heitmann, K., Panayotova-Dimitrova, D., Schoening, J., Bourquin, J. P., Schweitzer, N., Leverkus, M., Welte, K., Reinhardt, D., Li, Z., Orkin, S. H., Behrens, G. M. and Klusmann, J. H. (2014). Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce apoptosis in myeloid leukemia by suppressing autophagy. Leukemia 28(3): 577-588.