Materials and Reagents

Note: The materials and reagents not provided with company and catalog number can be ordered from any qualified company for using in this experiment.

Pipette tips (Axygen, USA)
1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes (Eppendorf, catalog number: T9661 )
Parafilm (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P7793 )
Pencils
Disposable latex gloves
Poly-Prep chromatography columns (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 7311550 )
Disposable PD-10 desalting columns (GE Healthcare, catalog number: GE17-0851-01 )
Purified isoprenyl diphosphate synthase [Catharanthus roseus GPPS large subunit (CrGPPS.LSU) for this protocol]
Rosetta 2(DE3) Competent Cells (Novagen, catalog number: 71400-M )
pET-28a(+) vector (Novagen, catalog number: 69864 )
Ni²⁺-charged nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) Agarose (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 7800800 )
Luria Bertani Broth, Miller (HIMEDIA, catalog number: M1245 )
Luria Bertani Agar (HIMEDIA, catalog number: M1151F )
Kanamycin sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 10106801001 )
Chloramphenicol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C0378 )
Imidazole (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: I5513-25G )
Lysozyme from hen egg white (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 10837059001 )
Isopentenyl diphosphate (Echelon Biosciences, catalog number: I-0050 )
Dimethylallyl diphosphate (Echelon Biosciences, catalog number: I-0051 )
Geranyl diphosphate (Echelon Biosciences, catalog number: I-0100 )
Farnesyl diphosphate (Echelon Biosciences, catalog number: I-0150 )
Apyrase from potatoes (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A6132 )
Alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine (CIP) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P4978 )
Geraniol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 48798 )
Farnesol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 43348 )
Geranylgeraniol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G3278 )
TLC Silica gel 60 RP-18 F₂₅₄s (Merck, catalog number: 105560 )
Glycine (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G7126-100G )
10% Mini-PROTEAN^® TGX^TM precast protein gels (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 4561033 )
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: L3771-100G )
Bradford Protein Assay Dye Reagent (Bio-Rad, catalog number: 5000006 )
Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB-R-250) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B-7920-10G )
Bromophenol blue (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: B5525-5G )
Ethanol (Emsure, catalog number: 1.00983.0511 )
Water HPLC grade (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 270733 )
Glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: G5516 )
3-Morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (MOPSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M8389 )
1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 10197777001 )
Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) (HIMEDIA, catalog number: GRM4340 )
Iodine (I₂) crystals (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 229695 )
n-Hexane (Merck, catalog number: 104369 )
TRIS hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) (HIMEDIA, catalog number: MB030 )
Methanol (Merck, catalog number: 60600905001730 )
Isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: I5502-5G )
Lysis buffer (see Recipes)
Wash buffer (see Recipes)
Elution buffer (see Recipes)
Storage buffer (see Recipes)
Assay buffer (see Recipes)
Dephosphorylation buffer (see Recipes)
Mobile phase (see Recipes)
TG buffer (see Recipes)

Equipment

Note: The equipment not provided with company and catalog number can be ordered from any qualified company for using in this experiment.

Pipettes
Eppendorf Thermo Mixer^® F1.5 (Eppendorf, catalog number: 5384000012 )
Glass rectangular developing chamber 20 x 20 cm (with lid)
Measuring cylinders
Scale ruler
Tweezers
Scissors
Borosilicate beakers, capacity 500 ml
Rocker (GeNei, catalog number: 107106GB )
Variable volume pipettes (Eppendorf)
Magnetic stirrer (GeNei, catalog number: 117795GB )
Adsorbent TLC scraper (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: Z265268 )
Vacuum concentrator (Savant Speed Vac, catalog number: SPD131DDA )
Fume hood
Sonicator (PRO Scientific, catalog number: H-1021-2 )
Circulating refrigerated water bath
ThermoMixer C (Eppendorf, catalog number: 5382000015 )
Vortex mixer (GeNei, catalog number: 106887GB )
Centrifuge 5424 R (Eppendorf, catalog number: 5404000014 )
Digital camera or scanner

Software

ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, USA, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)

Procedure

Expression and purification of recombinant isoprenyl diphosphate synthase protein
1. Transform Escherichia coli rosetta-2 cells with plasmid harboring IDS of interest (Here, we have used pET28a:CrGPPS.LSU). The GeneBank loci IDs for nucleotide and protein sequences are JX417183 and AGL91645, respectively. For more information on enzyme characteristics of CrGPPS.LSU, please refer to Rai et al., 2013.
2. Inoculate a single colony in 25 ml Luria-Bertani (LB) medium with 37 mg/ml chloramphenicol and 50 mg/ml kanamycin.
3. Grow overnight (16 h) at 37 °C with 200 rpm and transfer 5 ml of overnight grown culture to 1,000 ml of LB medium with 37 mg/ml chloramphenicol and 50 mg/ml kanamycin.
4. Place the culture flask in an incubator shaker set at 37 °C and 200 rpm and grow the cells until the OD₆₀₀ reaches 0.5.
5. Add isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 0.4 mM and continue growing cultures for an additional 18 h at 18 °C.
6. Centrifuge cultures at 6,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C to obtain cell pellets.
7. Proceed to the next step or store the pellet at -80 °C until further use.
8. Resuspend cell pellet in lysis buffer with 2-5 ml per gram cell pellet.
9. Add 1 mg/ml lysozyme to the cell suspension and keep on ice for 30 min.
10. Sonicate the cell suspension using a sonicator equipped with microtip and give six 10 s bursts with a 10 s cooling period.
11. Recover the lysate by centrifugation at 12,000 x g for 20 min at 4 °C and transfer to a 50 ml tube.
12. Take 1 ml of 50% Ni²⁺-NTA agarose slurry and remove the storage solution by brief centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 15 s and resuspend the Ni²⁺-NTA agarose in lysis buffer. Add 1 ml of resuspended Ni²⁺-NTA resin to the recovered lysate in the previous step and keep the tube on rotor shaker for 1 h at 4 °C.
13. Transfer Ni²⁺-NTA resin (containing captured His-tagged protein) to the 0.8 x 4 cm Poly-Prep chromatography column and allow to settle by gravity.
14. Equilibrate the column with 5 column volumes of lysis buffer containing 10 mM Imidazole.
15. Wash the Ni²⁺-NTA resin with 5 column volumes of wash buffer containing 20 mM Imidazole to remove the unbound protein.
16. Elute the bound protein and collect the fractions with 3 ml of elution buffer containing 250 mM Imidazole.
17. Equilibrate PD-10 desalting column with 4 ml of storage solution and transfer protein eluant to the column.
18. Add 2 ml storage buffer and collect eluant in 0.5 ml fractions (E1-E4).
19. Load 30 µl protein sample on 10% SDS gel and perform electrophoresis in Tris-Glycine (TG) buffer.
20. Determine the concentration of purified protein using the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976).
Isoprenyl diphosphate synthase assay
1. Perform IDS assay by adding equimolar concentrations (10 µM to 80 µM) of IPP and DMAPP, IPP and GPP, and IPP and FPP in a final volume of 200 µl of assay buffer in separate 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes.
2. Add 5 µg of purified IDS enzyme (CrGPPS.LSU in this assay) to each tube to initiate the reaction.
3. Take three separate 1.5 ml tubes and add 5 µg of heat inactivated (95 °C for 10 min) CrGPPS.LSU for negative controls in a final volume of 200 µl of assay buffer containing equimolar concentrations (40 µM) of IPP and DMAPP, IPP and GPP, and IPP and FPP.
4. Incubate all tubes containing IDS assay reaction mixture at 30 °C in a circulating water bath or ThermoMixer for 6 h.
5. Add 200 µl of dephosphorylation buffer and continue to incubate for 16 h at 30 °C in a ThermoMixer to hydrolyze all diphosphate esters (unreacted substrates as well as prenyl products).
6. Add 1 ml n-hexane and vortex vigorously for 30 s to extract the hydrolyzed reaction products and substrates (prenyl alcohols).
7. Centrifuge for 30 s at 12,000 x g, 25 °C.
8. Carefully transfer the upper hexane fraction (approximately 800 µl) containing the prenyl alcohols to a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube using a 1 ml pipette.
9. Concentrate the collected hexane fraction containing the prenyl alcohols to 25 µl using a SpeedVac (at 30 °C for 30 min) and immediately use it for TLC analysis.
Determination of IDS product profile
1. Take a 500 ml beaker and add mobile phase solvent to a depth of about 0.5 cm. Seal the beaker with parafilm, swirl it gently and allow it to stand for 2 to 5 min for saturation of the chamber.
2. Take a reverse phase TLC silica gel plate with a dimension of 5.0 x 7.5 cm. Draw a horizontal line with a pencil, 1 cm above from both edges of the bottom.
3. Mark five spots along the line on TLC silica gel plates at equidistance (approximately 5-7 mm apart) for applying hexane fraction containing prenyl alcohols.
4. Prepare prenyl alcohol standard solution in hexane containing 40 µM each of geraniol, farnesol, and geranylgeraniol.
5. Use a 10 µl pipette to carefully spot the samples on the marked spots of TLC silica gel plate. After spotting each sample, blow gently on the TLC plate to evaporate the solvent.
  1. Spot the standard solution containing GOH, FOH, and GGOH in lane S.
  2. Spot 20 µl of the concentrated hexane fraction of negative control at lane number 1.
  3. Spot 20 µl hexane of the extracted prenyl alcohol products from different enzymatic reactions on the corresponding TLC plates (Figure 2).
6. Use tweezers to place the prenyl alcohols spotted TLC silica gel plate in the beaker containing the mobile phase.
7. Perform TLC chromatographic separation by sealing the beaker with parafilm and allow solvent front to rise upward.
8. Take out the TLC silica gel plate from the beaker just before the solvent front reaches the top end (about 15 min), mark the solvent front with a pencil and allow the TLC silica gel plate to dry for 5-10 min.
9. Stain the TLC plate by exposing it to iodine vapors for 3 to 5 min in a rectangular glass chamber containing iodine crystals (Figure 3b, Kumar et al., 2020).
10. Visualize the prenyl alcohol spots corresponding to product and substrates by comparing with reference standards (Rai et al., 2013).
11. Document the TLC image with prenyl alcohol spots using a digital camera or scanner.
12. The documented product spots can be relatively quantified using ImageJ software.
Verification of prenyl alcohol products
1. After documenting the TLC images, circle the spots and scrape the corresponding spots of prenyl diphosphate products parallel to the reference compounds using TLC scraper.
2. Elute the prenyl diphosphate product and reference compound in methanol.
3. Concentrate the eluted compounds under N₂gas stream.
4. Perform standard liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) according to the protocol described in Kumar et al. (2020) in a positive mode to confirm prenyl diphosphate products and to rule out any possible contamination from acid hydrolysis reactions (Figure 3c, Kumar et al., 2020).

Data analysis

In this methodology, a non-radioactive IDS assay has been employed to measure the activity of the CrGPPS.LSU which provides metabolic flux for both primary and specialized metabolites in C. roseus (Rai et al., 2013). CrGPPS.LSU has been well characterized and therefore, serves as an appropriate reference enzyme to validate the prenyl alcohol product profile generated using this non-radioactive assay. IDS assay was performed in the presence of CrGPPS.LSU and the formation and visualization of prenyl alcohols (GOH and GGOH) was carried out (Figure 2). The optimal conditions for the prenyl alcohol product identification were explored by probing the intensities of product spots arising after using different concentrations of substrates. The spots corresponding to GOH, and GGOH prenyl alcohol products were visible at ≥20 μM concentration of IPP and DMAPP substrates (Figure 2A). However, the spots corresponding to GGOH were detectable in a linear range and clearly visible at ≥10 μM concentration of IPP and GPP substrates (Figure 2B) and ≥40 μM concentration of IPP and FPP substrates (Figure 2C). Therefore, the results from the non-radioactive IDS assay demonstrate that about 40-80 μM of IPP and DMAPP/GPP/FPP substrate concentration was ideal to achieve the optimal and detectable level of prenyl alcohol product from the assay (Figure 2).

Figure 2. In vitro IDS assays of recombinant (His)₆-CrGPPS.LSU. Spots on the TLC plates correspond to reaction products from CrGPPS.LSU assays using IPP and DMAPP (plate A), IPP and GPP (plate B), and IPP and FPP (plate C). Products formed are indicated by arrows and the spots in dashed boxes are unreacted substrates. The products were confirmed by comparing the spots with authentic geraniol (GOH), farnesol (FOH), and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) standards (lane S). Lane 1 in A, B, and C TLC plates represents negative control in which boiled CrGPPS.LSU protein was assayed with 40 µM each of IPP and DMAPP, IPP and GPP, and IPP and FPP, respectively. Lanes 2-5 represent reaction products of CrGPPS.LSU protein assayed with 10 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM, and 80 µM each of IPP and DMAPP (plate A), IPP and GPP (plate B), and IPP and FPP (plate C), respectively. Lane S: Authentic prenyl alcohol standard mix.

Notes

The standards geraniol, farnesol, and geranylgeraniol were not used as carriers in all chromatographic separations of prenyl alcohol products.
Overnight incubation at 30 °C after adding dephosphorylation buffer is necessary to completely hydrolyze diphosphate esters.
To minimize background smear and for better chromatographic separation, carefully remove the hexane fraction, the organic layer (in the B8 step).
Wear gloves while handling the TLC plates contamination.
Sample spotting diameter should not be more than 3-4 mm.
Mark the TLC plates very gently with a pencil to avoid damaging the silica gel.
The level of mobile phase should not cover spots when the TLC plate is placed in the beaker.
Always use freshly prepared mobile phase solvents for better resolution of the spots and reproducibility of the results.
The product and substrate spots should be circled with a pencil upon removal of TLC plates from iodine vapor chamber as they fade away after a few minutes.

Recipes

Lysis buffer (10 ml)
50 mM NaH₂PO₄
300 mM NaCl
10 mM Imidazole, pH-8.0
Wash buffer (100 ml)
50 mM NaH₂PO₄
300 mM NaCl
20 mM Imidazole, pH-8.0
Elution buffer (5 ml)
50 mM NaH₂PO₄
300 mM NaCl
250 mM Imidazole, pH-8.0
Storage buffer (50 ml)
25 mM MOPSO, pH to 7.0
15% [v/v] glycerol
Assay buffer (10 ml)
25 mM MOPSO, pH to 7.0
10% [v/v] glycerol
2 mM DTT
10 mM MgCl₂
Dephosphorylation buffer (2 ml)
0.2 M Tris-HCl, pH-9.5
2 units of CIP (stock 18 units/mg)
2 units of potato apyrase (stock 25.2 units/mg)
Mobile phase solvent (50 ml)
Methanol:water [95:5 v/v]
TG buffer
25 mM Tris
192 mM Glycine
0.1% SDS

Acknowledgments

This protocol was developed by modifying methods from Orlova et al. (2009) and Rai et al. (2013). This work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology supported projects BT/HRD/35/24/2006 and BT/PR6109/AGII/106/857/2012 to DAN. AR was supported by a Research Fellowship of University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India. The institutional communication number for this article is CIMAP/PUB/2020/APR/21.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

Bradford, M. M., (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
Kumar, S. R., Rai, A., Bomzan, D. P., Kumar, K., Hemmerlin, A., Dwivedi, V., Godbole, R. C., Barvkar, V., Shanker, K., Shilpashree, H. B., Bhattacharya, A., Smitha, A. R., Hegde, N. and Nagegowda, D. A. (2020). A plastid-localized bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase plays a necessary role in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. Plant J 103(1): 248-265.
Nagel, R., Gershenzon, J. and Schmidt, A. (2012). Nonradioactive assay for detecting isoprenyl diphosphate synthase activity in crude plant extracts using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 422(1): 33-38.
Orlova, I., Nagegowda, D. A., Kish, C. M., Gutensohn, M., Maeda, H., Varbanova, M., Fridman, E., Yamaguchi, S., Hanada, A., Kamiya, Y., Krichevsky, A., Citovsky, V., Pichersky, E. and Dudareva, N. (2009). The small subunit of snapdragon geranyl diphosphate synthase modifies the chain length specificity of tobacco geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in planta. Plant Cell 21(12): 4002-4017.
Rai, A., Smita, S. S., Singh, A. K., Shanker, K. and Nagegowda, D. A. (2013). Heteromeric and homomeric geranyl diphosphate synthases from Catharanthus roseus and their role in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Mol Plant 6(5): 1531-1549.