Cell culture

HeLa (human cervical cancer cell) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell) cell lines used in this study were obtained from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). HeLa cells were seeded in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), and nystatin (12.5 U/ml). MCF-7 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.01 mg/ml insulin, penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), and nystatin (12.5 U/ml). All the cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ at 37°C and collected at the end of the log phase for the following experiments. Cells were suspended in LiveCyte DMSO-free, immersed in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.

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