Measurements

In this study, we assessed depression, anxiety and stress using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) which consist of 5 types of severity (normal, mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe) for depression, anxiety and stress each. Depression was classified as normal (score 0–4), mild (score 5–6), moderate (score 7–10), severe (score 11–13), extremely severe (score above 13). Anxiety was classified as normal (score 0–3), mild (score 4–5), moderate (score 6–7), severe (score 8–9), extremely severe (score above 9). Stress was classified as normal (score 0–7), mild (score 8–9), moderate (score 10–12), severe (score 13–16), extremely severe (score above 16). The severity was grouped into three category for analysis purpose: normal, mild-moderate, and severe-extremely severe. Response options were “did not apply to me at all”, “applied to me to some degree, or some of the time,” “applied to me to a considerable degree or a good part of time,” “applied to me very much or most of the time,” scored as 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively. A study showed the Cronbach's alpha (α) that measures the reliability of DASS-21 according were α = 0.076 for depression, α = 0.82 for anxiety, and α = 0.75 for stress. As for the validity, the r value between anxiety and stress (r = 0.713), depression and stress (r = 0.698), and depression and anxiety (r = 0.68), showed close, positive, and strong relationship between those factors.[19]

We ask each participant about the duration of social media usage (hour per day). We also obtain data regarding which social media platforms the participants used during COVID-19 pandemic.