Tamoxifen (#T5648), LPS O55:B5 (#L2880), SBI0206965 (#SML1540), TMB substrate (#T040), Evans Blue (#E2129), and Transwell inserts (#3413) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Overijse, Belgium). Collagenase I (#17018029), anti-rat immunoglobulin G–coated magnetic beads (#11035), Cells-to-CT 1-Step TaqMan kit (#A25603), PRKAA1 FAM probe (#Mm01296696_m1), RPL32 VIC probe (Mm02528467_m1), siRNA negative control (#AM4635), siRNA PRKAA1 (#AM51334), and Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent (#13778-150) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). We also used Canagliflozin (#HY-10451, Medchem Express, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), and HRP-coupled streptavidin (#15:1000, DY998; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The antibodies employed were rat anti-mouse platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, #553370; BD Pharmingen) α1AMPK (#MA5-15815; Thermo Fisher Scientific), phospho-AMPK Thr172 (#2535; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), phospho-ACC S79 (#3661; Cell Signaling Technology), p38 MAPK (#9212; Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-p38 MAPK T180/Y182 (#9211; Cell Signaling Technology), heat shock protein of 27kDa (HSP-27) (#2402; Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-HSP27 S82 (#44534; Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific), eEF2 (#PA5-17794; Thermo Fisher Scientific), secondary horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibodies (#A0545; Sigma-Aldrich or #554002; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), and Alexa Fluor-coupled secondary antibodies (#A21206; Invitrogen).
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