Clinical data collection

The clinical data of participants were collected at the time of kidney biopsy, including gender, age, blood pressure, serum creatinine (SCr), 24-hour urine protein excretion (24h-UP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the Oxford scores of pathologic lesions, and medications use at or prior to biopsy. The eGFR was computed using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) two-level race equation (13). Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg at rest or the use of anti-hypertension drugs.