The electronic medical records of all 8437 deliveries performed at Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital between 1 January 2017 and 30 June 2017 were reviewed and screened for eligibility. Exclusion criteria included the following: induction of labour, pre-labour or elective CD, multiparity, preterm gestation (< 37 weeks), stillbirth, multiple gestation, and noncephalic presentation. Finally, nulliparous women meeting the criteria of Group 1 according to the TGCS were enrolled (Fig. ).
Flow diagram of the study. Abbreviations: CD, caesarean delivery; EA, epidural analgesia
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