Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

Data in these articles were extracted by 1 author (G.L.H.), who was not involved in any of the studies. Discrepancies in values were resolved by discussion with 2 other investigators (N.G.Z. and E.J.L.). When multiple studies existed for the same specialty, the studies that were included were chosen based on whether they provided both means and either SEMs or SDs. If the studies provided the same descriptive statistics, studies were chosen based on whether they also assessed h-indexes by position and/or provided h-indexes across multiple specialties. This process eliminated 2 studies.^31,32 However, 1 study³¹ reported m-indexes; m-indexes were included in this systematic review but not in the meta-analysis. Risk of bias was not assessed because the studies did not report any type of intervention.