Peripheral blood samples were collected from GD patients and healthy controls. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated via Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Monocytes were purified from Ficoll-enriched PBMCs using human CD14 microbeads (Stemcell Technologies, Canada). The purification of monocytes was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Freshly isolated PBMCs or CD14+ monocytes were cultured in RMPI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin at 37 °C and in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
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