Immunocytochemistry was performed on collagen gel by first fixing and permeabilized using cold methanol for 5 min at − 20 °C. Following a brief PBS wash, 1% BSA was used to block non-specific staining for 1 h at room temperature. Then, gels were incubated with α-SMA primary antibody overnight (Abcam, 1:100) at 4 °C. The following day, collagen gels were washed in PBS and incubated with a secondary antibody (Anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488) for 1 h. Finally, gels were stained with DAPI containing antifade solution and visualized using a confocal scanning electron microscope (Carl-Zeiss).
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