The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R)

The English version of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was created by Derogatis [20] and was revised to SCL-90-R [32]. The original SCL-90-R contains 90 items, and each item has a 5-point scale from 0, which means no symptoms, to 4, which means strong symptoms. The original SCL-90-R had good psychometric properties [33, 34]. Yeh’s Chinese version SCL-90-R also had good psychometric characteristics and norms [35]. Cronbach’s α and test-retest reliability of nine symptom dimensions ranged from.77 to.90 and.70 to.93. The original SCL-90-R included nine symptom dimensions: somatization, obsessive-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. These symptoms could be calculated into three indexes: the Global Severity Index (GSI), the Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and the Positive Symptom Total (PST). A T score for the GSI above 63 points, or the T score of any two symptoms dimension above 63 points, generally indicates a significant clinical psychological problem [36]. The current study uses the Chinese version of the SCL-90-R to explore the criterion-related validity of the BQSPS by measuring participants’ symptoms and severity.