The quality of life was measured with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-BREF), which was a self-report inventory with 26 original items [21, 22]. The items fell into four domains: the physical health (7 items), the psychological health (6 items), the social relationships (3 items), and the environment (8 items), together with 2 items measuring the overall QoL and general health. Each item was answered on a 5-point response scale, and the range of score for each domain was from 4 to 20 after calculation, with higher score indicating better QoL.
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