CVI Criteria

The online questionnaire was created using the 51-question inventory by Dutton (2010), that explores difficulties experienced by children in everyday tasks that are vision-dependent. The questionnaire used a scale of qualitative responses; “Never” (score (1), “Rarely” (2), “Sometimes” (3), “Often” (4), and “Always” (5). An option of “Not Applicable” was available and if selected, was removed from the analysis. A positive result (a score of 4 or 5) on three or more of questions 2, 18, 19, 24, and 27 was used as a positive screening for suspected CVI. This 5-question screening tool was determined by those difficulties commonly reported in children with CVI and rarely in those without (Dutton, 2010) and is a reliable diagnostic screening tool (Macintyre-Beon et al., 2012; Philip et al., 2016) with a good construct validity; sensitivity of 81.7% and specificity of 87.2% (Gorrie et al., 2019).