Pinch strength

A three-jaw chuck pinch, also known as palmar pinch, is a pinch technique that involves placing the thumb on one side of the pinchmeter and the index and major fingers on the other side³⁶. The maximum voluntary pinch strength of the dominant hand was determined with a numeric pinchmeter (P100, Biometrics Ltd., Gwent, UK) connected to a desktop computer while the participant sat with shoulder adducted to his/her side and neutrally rotated, elbow flexed to 90∘, forearm in a neutral position, and the wrist held between 0-15∘ of ulnar deviation. The pinchmeter displayed values in kg on the screen with the range of values being 0 to 22 kg. Maximum force was determined three times by the same examiner (C.P.), before the first precision grip control assessment and after the second one. The mean of 3 measurements was calculated and used for data analysis³⁶. Before measurements, the examiner demonstrated the correct placement of the fingers on the dynamometer, and standardized verbal instructions³⁶ were given to each participant.