2.1. Study Design and Enrollment of Study Population

The study entailed a cross-sectional design and was carried out in Keningau, 95.2 km from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Farms were recruited from the list and contacts of dairy farms registered with the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Sabah, Malaysia. The inclusion criteria comprised location of the farms within the study state, a 5 km radius of the milk collection centre (MCC) of Stesen Pembiakan Ternakan (SPT) Sebrang, Keningau, which is presently producing dairy cattle, records on animal health and production, and where dairy cattle farmers were willing to participate in the survey. All farmers located within the specified region around the MCC were considered to be the target population. The location was selected for easy assessment and questionnaire administration since it served as the milk delivery point for most farmers in Keningau, Sabah.