Psychological empowerment questionnaire

To measure the psychological empowerment perception of the nurses under study, the Spreitzer’s Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1984) was used. This questionnaire has 12 questions, and four dimensions that are impact, meaning, competence, and self-determination. Questions 1–3 are related to impact, 4–6 to meaning, 7–9 to competence, and questions 10–12 are related to self-determination. The participants can provide responses as per the five-part Likert scale (I completely disagree with a score of one, I disagree with a score of two, I have no opinion on a score of three, I agree with a score of four, and I completely agree with a score of five). To obtain the score for each dimension, the total score of the questions related to that dimension was collected. The minimum and the maximum overall scores across the four dimensions in this test are 12 and 60 respectively. A score of 12–24 indicates poor psychological empowerment perception, a score of 25–36 presents a moderate psychological empowerment perception, and a score of 37–60 demonstrates a strong psychological empowerment perception. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient (88%) was used; this reliability coefficient was also used in Bonyad Karizme et al. [13, 21].