Affect assessed through PANAS-C

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C; Laurent et al., 1999) assesses an individual’s outward expression of emotion. On this self-reported survey, the participant indicates the extent to which s/he has experienced each of twenty-seven emotions during the preceding week. A five-point Likert scale provides options of (1) Very Slightly; (2) A little; (3) Moderately; (4) Quite a bit; or (5) Extremely. For each participant, an overall score in positive affect was determined from totaling the fourteen positive affect items, and an overall score in negative affect was determined from totaling the thirteen negative affect items.