Study approvals

Human blood used in all assays was obtained via venipuncture according to a protocol approved by the University of Michigan Internal Review Board and in line with the standards set by the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Informed, written consent was obtained from all subjects before blood collection. Phlebotomy was performed according to University of Michigan Medical School Internal Review Board (IRB-MED)–approved protocols and in line with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Umbilical cords were obtained under a IRB-MED–approved human tissue transfer protocol (HUM00026898). This protocol is exempt from informed consent per federal exemption category #4 of the 45 CFR 46.101 (b).

Animal studies were conducted following the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Michigan. C57BL/6 mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory. All animals were maintained in pathogen-free facilities at the University of Michigan.