A standardized data collection form was used to obtain the following information from each study: title of study, name of the first author, year of publication, country of origin, prevalence and diagnostic method of CIED infection, device type, time of outcome measurement, definition of postimplantation hematoma, and pathogen.
Two investigators (CK and ST) independently performed this data extraction process to ensure accurate data extraction. Any data discrepancy was resolved by reviewing the primary data from the original articles.
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