Clinical samples and cell lines

Human glioma samples were obtained from the Neurosurgery Department of the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. Different grades of glioma tissues were obtained from different glioma patients. Normal brain tissues were obtained from patients who required partial brain excision such as patients with traumatic brain injury. All tissues were preserved in liquid nitrogen for subsequent total RNA extraction. The study was approved by institutional ethics board of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (No.: 2019060) and conformed to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Written informed consent was obtained from the patients before the start of the study. The U87 and U251 glioma cell lines, and the HEB cell line were purchased from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIBS, Shanghai) and cultured in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM, GIBCO) supplemented 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, GIBCO). The glioma cells were incubated in 37 °C in humid atmosphere with 5% CO₂.