Anthropometric Measurements

We measured each participant’s anthropometric data at the baseline survey. Trained health professionals recorded body height (in meters), body weight (in kilograms), and waist circumference (in centimeters) according to a standard protocol. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm without shoes using a standard stadiometer, and weight was recorded in light clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg. Waist circumference was assessed using a flexible anthropometric tape to the nearest 0.1 cm at the midpoint between the lowest rib margin and anterior superior iliac crest immediately after expiration. Hip circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm at the greatest protrusion of the gluteal muscles. Waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio were calculated as the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference and height, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.²