Total RNA was extracted from IECs, SCs, and BM-MSCs by using an RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) with on-column DNA digestion to eliminate genomic contamination. cDNA was synthesized by using the iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Real-time PCR was conducted by using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The primer sequences used are shown in Table . The fold changes in expression were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method [28].
Primer sequences used for qPCR
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