The time–kill kinetics assays were preformed based on a standard method81. S. aureus cells were cultured aerobically in BHI medium at 37 °C and 200 rpm for overnight, and then diluted 100 times in fresh medium and cultured for another 2–3 h until they reach a log phase. The bacteria density was then adjusted to ~ 2 × 107 CFU/mL and followed by treatment of ampicillin (2 µg/mL), Ag+ (8 µg/mL) or combined therapy. S. aureus cells without treatment were used as control. 0.1 mL aliquots of bacterial cultures were transferred for counting bacterial viability by agar plating at different time intervals. The results from three independent experiments were averaged and plotted as log10CFU/mL versus time (h).
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